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America becomes a world power:
imperialism
DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM
The policy of extending a nation's authority by
territorial acquisition or by the establishment of
economic and political Control over other nations.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
“Manifest destiny” extended beyond
the borders of the united states
Three Factors Fueling the new American
imperialism:
1)Desire for military strength (Jingoist)
2)Thirst for new markets
(Panic of 1893)
3)Belief in cultural superiority (Social Darwinism)
Our Country
Reverend Josiah Strong
Reverend Josiah Strong’s book based on Social Darwinism and the White
Man’s Burden.
He argued the goal of the United States was to “spread Christianity and
civilization to the world’s inferior peoples.”
Widely read by WASP leaders (Henry Cabot Lodge and Teddy Roosevelt)
White Man’s Burden
Rudyard Kipling
British poet Rudyard Kipling’s portrayal of Social Darwinism
Jingoist propaganda
Widely read by WASP leaders in the United States
SOCIAL DARWINISM
The wealthy are the strong and therefore have the right to rule
the poor who are weak.
The united states as a strong nation must dominate the weaker
nations.
philosopher Herbert
Spencer who
developed the
theory of social
Darwinism
•Alaska
•Hawaii
•Philippines
•Cuba
•Puerto Rico
THE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL
POWER
HAWAII: 1898
MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867
WAKE ISLAND: 1898
GUAM: 1898
JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898
PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898
SAMOA ISLAND: 1899
PHILIPPINES: 1898
PUERTO RICO: 1898
What is happening in this cartoon?
Land Acquisitions: Alaska
• The Alaska Purchase of 1867
1. Secretary of State Henry Seward was an
expansionist
2. U.S. bought region for $7.2 million from Russia
3. Nicknamed “Seward’s Icebox”/”Seward’s Folly”
Hawaii: The Forbidden Fruit
American businessmen wanted the islands
to expand sugar and fruit farming.
Queen Liliuokalani fought to keep her
kingdom
Hawaii Annexation:
Sanford Dole v. President Grover Cleveland
SANFORD DOLE
Became president of the Republic of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown.
President Cleveland blocked annexation on grounds that it violated
American principles in the Declaration of Independence.
President McKinley annexed Hawaii as part of the U.S. in 1898, during the
Spanish-American War.
Puerto Rico :
Treaty of Paris
Puerto Rico
-Under U.S. military control under the Foraker Act
-In 1917 made a U.S. territory and given full U.S. citizenship.
Insular Cases (1901) Supreme Court ruled that Congress would determine the
status of acquired territory.
Congress extended U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917
Cuban Protectorate:
Treaty of Paris
Cuba
-Scene of the USS Maine incident and the battle of San Juan Hill
-Platt Amendment- Forced Cuba to be a protectorate under U.S. control
(Guantanamo Bay base)
The Philippines :
Treaty of Paris
Philippines
-Taken by Commodore Dewey during the Spanish-American War
-Filipinos fought a guerilla war first against the Spanish and then against the
United States
-President McKinley asked Congress to annex the region in 1899 after he
claimed God told him to Christianize the Filipinos.
-Emilio Aguinaldo led the Filipino revolution.
Monroe Doctrine
1) Non-intervention
2) Non-colonization
In the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt Corollary
the U.S. will intervene before
you do in Latin America.
•Role of media
•U.S.S. Maine
•War in Cuba
•Teller amendment
•Philippines
•Differing opinions on imperialism
President McKinley
The Reluctant Imperialism
• Pres. McKinley received criticism
from the media (yellow journalist)
and US imperialists
– The Spanish even referred to
McKinley as “weak.” (De Lome
letter)
• Asst. Sec. of the Navy (& future VP
under McKinley) Theodore
Roosevelt, stated, “McKinley is a
white livered cur” with “no more
backbone than a chocolate éclair.”
The Spanish-American War (1898)
• The US deployed to the Philippines & easily defeated Spanish
• Cuba was next in 1898
– The Rough Riders, headed by Theodore Roosevelt, would
become a stars. This eclectic mix of cowboys and Ivy Leaguers
were a perfect fit for a man who came from both worlds.
• July 25, 1898– US invades Puerto Rico
TR’s Rough Riders
Treaty of Paris
• December 10, 1898, the US and Spain agreed
to a treaty. It had three parts.
– Cuba would be independent
– US gained Guam and Puerto Rico
– US paid 20 million for the Philippines
Open Door Notes
Secretary of State John Hay to other imperial powers
on China being open to free trade.
Boxer Rebellion:
An international force retaliated
and seized control of Peking
First time US participated in an
international military operation
Great White Fleet
in 1907 Roosevelt
sent the great white
fleet of ships around
the world
•The need for a canal
•Panama revolution
•Building the canal
PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN
FOR THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED CANAL
President Teddy Roosevelt attempted Polk like diplomacy to acquire a canal zone in
Panama, a province of Colombia, for the site of the proposed canal.
TR divided the world into “civilized” and “uncivilized” nations. The “civilized” nations
had the responsibility to “police” the uncivilized not only taking on the “white man’s
burden” but also spreading his “superior values and institutions.”
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901- deal with Great
Britain allowing the U.S. to build, run a canal in
Panama, and allow the British to use it.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 – deal with the
supposed representative of the U.S. backed
Panamian government:
U.S. pay Panamian government $10 million plus an
annual rent of $250,000 for the canal zone.
ROOSEVELT’S
SOLUTION WAS TO
SUPPORT A
PANAMANIAN
REVOLUTION
In Cuba dr. Gorgas
learned yellow fever
was transmitted through
mosquitoes. his discovery
allowed the canal to be
built.
1905 fumigation car
eradicating
the mosquitoes
WILLIAM C. GORGAS
1905 Yellow
Fever Quarantine
Station
PRESIDENT
ROOSEVELT VISITS
THE CANAL
CONSTRUCTION
SITE IN 1906
“I stole the Land!”
U.S. Foreign Policy
T.R. = Big Stick “Speak softly and carry a big
stick!”
Taft = Dollar diplomacy
Wilson = Moral Diplomacy
Big-Stick Diplomacy
TR divided the world into “civilized” and “uncivilized” nations. The “civilized” nations had
the responsibility to “police” the uncivilized not only taking on the “white man’s
burden” but also spreading his “superior values and institutions.”
This policy of using the
U.S. government to
guarantee loans
made by American
businesspeople.
William H. Taft
Dollar Diplomacy
If a Latin American nation
followed democratic
principles the U.S. would
not intervene in their
affairs.
He felt this was true to
American political
traditions started with the
Declaration of
Independence.
Woodrow Wilson
Moral Diplomacy