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Imperialism and America
Main Idea
Beginning in 1867 and continuing through
the century, global competition caused
the United States to expand.
Why it Matters Today
During this time period, the United States
acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of
which became states in 1959.
AMERICA CLAIMS
AN EMPIRE
Foreign Policy?
• For what reasons did the U.S. acquire territories such
as Florida, Louisiana, and Texas?
– God, Gold, and Glory
• Did these territories have political, social, and
economic reasons to be acquired?
– Spoils of war, Homestead Act, Open the door
for settlers, etc.
• Why would the U.S. want to acquire lands outside the
borders of the continental U.S.?
– New Markets, new alliances, new opportunities
for American businesses, naval bases for
refueling.
Does the U.S. have a duty to
fight for freedom in
neighboring countries?
IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA
• Throughout the 19th century
America expanded control of
the continent to the Pacific
Ocean
• By 1880, many American
leaders felt the U.S. should
join European nations and
establish colonies overseas
• Thus began America’s foray
into Imperialism – the policy
in which stronger nations
extend control over weaker
nations (economically,
physically, & culturally)
Global Competition
►Africa was a prime target of European
expansionism.
– Ethiopia and Liberia- remained
independent
►Imperialist competed for Asia
– Japan joined European nations in
competition
World Colonial Empires, 1900
Three Factors Fueled the New
American Imperialism
Three Factors of U.S.
Imperialism
New Markets
Need for raw
materials
New Markets for
goods
Military Strength
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Influence of Sea
Power Upon History
Culture Superiority
Social Darwinism
Spread Christianity
“Civilize” People
WHY IMPERIALISM?
• 1) Thirst for new
markets – to spur
economy & trade
• 2) Desire for Military
strength – Alfred T.
Mahan advised strong
navy. Influence of Sea
Power in History
• 3) Belief in Cultural
Superiority – a belief
that Anglo-Saxons
were superior
Matthew Perry-The Great
White Fleet
• It consisted of 16 battleships
divided into two squadrons,
along with various escorts.
• Roosevelt sought to
demonstrate growing American
military power and blue-water
navy capability.
• Hoping to enforce treaties and
protect overseas holdings, the
U.S. Congress appropriated
funds to build American sea
power.
THE U.S. ACQUIRES
ALASKA
• In 1867, Secretary of State
William Seward arranged
for the United States to
buy Alaska from the
Russians for $7.2 million
– A Buffer between the U.S. &
Russia
• Some thought it was a silly
idea and called it
“Seward’s Icebox”
• Time has shown how
smart it was to buy Alaska
for 2 cents an acre
• Alaska is rich in timber,
minerals and oil
U.S. TAKES HAWAII
•
•
•
•
•
Hawaii had been
economically important to
Americans for centuries
To avoid import taxes (tariffs),
sugar growers pleaded for
annexation
– White American
dominated the island
1875- Treaty allows Hawaiian
sugar to be sold duty free.
1893- John L. Stevens
(Ambassador of Hawaii)organized a revolution
The U.S. knew the value of
the Islands – they had built a
naval base at Pearl Harbor in
1887
– 1887- Whites force King
Kalakaua to accept
political reform.
– Giving wealthy
landowners have voting
rights. He dies in 1891.
•
•
•
•
McKinley Tariff (1890)- protective
tariff
1891- Queen Liliuokalani tries to
regain power.
1897- McKinley favors
annexation
Led by Sanford Dole, American
annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it
formally became a state in 1959
Hawaiian Islands
World Colonial Empires, 1900
THE SPANISH AMERICAN
WAR
• America had long held an
interest in Cuba
• When Cubans
unsuccessfully rebelled
against Spanish rule in
the late 19th century,
American sympathy went
out to the Cuban people
• After Spain abolished
slavery in Cuba in 1886,
Americans invested
millions in Cuban sugar
Cuba is just 90 miles south
of Florida
CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR
INDEPENDENCE-(Cause #1)
Marti
• Anti-Spain sentiment
in Cuba soon erupted
into a second war for
independence
• Led by poet Jose
Marti, Cuba attempted
a revolution in 1895
• Marti deliberately
destroyed property,
including American
sugar plants, hoping
to provoke American
intervention
War Fever Escaltes
Cause #2
• Spain responded by sending General
Valeriano Weyler (The Butcher) to
suppress the Cuban revolt.
– Places Cubans in concentration camps
WAR FEVER ESCALATES
(Cause #3)
• Newspaper publishers
William Randolph Hearst
(New York Journal) and
Joseph Pulitzer (New
York World) exaggerated
Spanish atrocities and
brutality in “Headline
Wars”
• Hearst- “You provide the
pictures, I’ll furnish the
war”
• Yellow Journalism- style
of writing that
exaggerates the truth
Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and
Hearst escalating and instigating war
between the U.S. and Spain
De Lome Letter
(Cause # 4)
• 1898- New York Journal published a
private letter written by Enrique Dupuy
de Lome (Spanish minister to the U.S.).
• The letter criticized President McKinley,
calling him “weak”.
• This angered Americans over the insult
of their president.
U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES
(Cause #5)
Before
• Early in 1888,
President McKinley
ordered the U.S.S.
Maine to Cuba in
order to bring home
American citizens in
danger
– De Lome Letter
After
• On February 15, 1898
the ship blew up in the
harbor of Havana
• More than 260 men
were killed
The Maine Explodes
Unknown artist , 1898
Notice the men flying
dramatically through
the air
WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN
• There was no holding
back those that
wanted war with Spain
• Newspapers blamed
the Spanish for
bombing the U.S.S.
Maine (recent
investigations have
shown it was a fire
inside the Maine)
• “Remember the
Maine!” became a
rallying cry for U.S.
intervention in Cuba
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
(Event #1)
• U.S. forces surprised Spain
by attacking the Spanish
colony of the Philippines
– April 30, Commodore
George Dewey opened fire
on the Spanish fleet at
Manila
– 7 hours to capture the fleet.
• 11,000 Americans joined
forces with Filipino rebel
leader Emilio Aguinaldo
• By August, 1898 Spain had
surrendered to the U.S. in
Manila
THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
(Event #2)
• A naval blockade of
Cuba was followed by
a land invasion
highlighted by
Roosevelt’s Rough
Rider victory at San
Juan Hill
• Next, the American
Navy destroyed the
Spanish fleet and
paved the way for an
invasion of Puerto
Rico (Spanish colony)
War with Spain: Caribbean
U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS
(Event/Outcome #3)
• The U.S. and Spain signed
an armistice on August 12,
1898, ending what
Secretary of State John
Hay called “a splendid little
war”
• The war lasted only 16
weeks
• Treaty of Paris (Outcomes)
– Cuba was now
independent***-( with
limits)
– U.S. receives Guam,
Puerto Rico, and
“bought” the
Philippines for $20
million
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Treaty of Paris Debate
►Debate over annexation of the
Philippines
►Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist
League
►February, 1899--ratification of peace
treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation
Why is the Spanish-American
War considered the turning
point in American history?
• It marked the end of Spanish colonial
empire and the emergence of the U.S.
as a world power. The U.S. enters the
world stage and leaves its isolationist
policies behind and expands the nation
with new territories.
ACQUIRING NEW LANDS
• The U.S had to decide how
to rule the new lands
• Puerto Rico wanted their
independence– but the
U.S. had other plans.
– Becomes a
Protectorate
• Puerto Rico was important
to the U.S. strategically
– Location-Presence in
Latin America
• Foraker Act- The U.S. set
up a civil government, No
citizenship; (didn’t receive
full citizenship until 1917),
and a bicameral system
• Insular Cases(1901)- Does
the constitution follow the
Flag?
– No- they were unincorporated
Insular Cases
• Former Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court Justice
Jose Trias Monge contends that the Insular Cases were based
on premises that would be considered bizarre today,
specifically, that:
– Democracy and colonialism are "fully compatible"
– There is "nothing wrong when a democracy such as the
United States engages in the business of governing other"
subjects that have not participated in their democratic
election process
– People are not created equal, some races being superior to
others
– It is the "burden of the superior peoples, the white man's
burden, to bring up others in their image, except to the
extent that the nation which possesses them should in due
time determine"
CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES
• The Treaty of Paris granted
full independence to Cuba
– Protectorate
• U.S. wanted to protect
American businesses
• The U.S signed an
agreement with Cuba
known as the Platt
Amendment 1903
– Couldn’t make treaties
– U.S. could intervene in
Cuba
– Cuba couldn’t collect
debt
– U.S. could lease land
(Naval Base)
Today the U.S. has a
prison in Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba
• What is on the menu at this restaurant?
• Which president does the waiter portray?
• What is Uncle Sam’s attitude about the offerings on the menu?
FILIPINOS REBEL
• Filipinos reacted with
rage to the American
annexation
– Protectorate
• Rebel leader Emilio
Aguinaldo vowed to
fight for freedom and
in 1899 he led a
rebellion
– Philippine-American
War
U.S. troops fire on rebels
• The 3-year war claimed
20,000 Filipino rebels,
4,000 American lives
and $400,000,000 (20x
the price the U.S. paid
for the land)
– Majority African
Americans
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
• China was a vast
potential market for
American products
– Trading Partner
• Weakened by war and
foreign intervention,
many European
countries had colonized
in China
– Boxer Rebellion
• In 1889, John Hay, U.S.
Secretary of State,
issued the Open Door
Policy which outlined
his plan for free trade
among nations in China
Foreign
nations were
opening the
door to
China’s trade
BOXER REBELLION
• European nations
dominated China’s cities
• Resentment arose in the
form of secret societies
determined to rid China of
these “foreign devils”
• The Boxer’s were a secret
group that rioted in 1900,
killing and vandalizing all
things foreign
• Foreign Troops were
called in to put down this
“Boxer Rebellion”
Spheres of Influence
• Sphere of influence
(SOI)- is a spatial
region or concept
division over which a
state or organization
(Country) has a level of
cultural, economic,
military, or political
exclusivity.
Protecting American Rights
►Open Door Policy (Sec. of State-John
Hay) reflected three deeply held
American beliefs about the U.S.
industrial capitalist economy:
– U.S. growth depended upon exports
– U.S. had right to intervene to keep foreign
markets open
– Closing areas to American products,
citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.
America as a World Power
Main Idea
The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama
Canal, and the Mexican Revolution
added to America’s military and
economic power.
Why it Matter Today
American involvement in conflicts around
1900 led to involvement in World War I
and later to a peacekeeper role in
today’s world.
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
The Nobel
Peace Prize
is awarded
annually
• Two events signaled
America’s continued
climb toward being the
#1 world power
• 1) Roosevelt
negotiated a settlement
between Russia and
Japan who had been at
War – his successful
efforts in negotiating
the Treaty of
Portsmouth won
Roosevelt the 1906
Nobel Peace Prize
• 2) Construction of
Panama Canal
THE PANAMA CANAL
• By the early 20th century,
many Americans
understood the
advantages of a canal
through Panama
• It would greatly reduce
travel times for
commercial and military
ships by providing a
short cut between the
Atlantic and Pacific
oceans
“The shortcut”
BUILDING THE PANAMA
CANAL 1904-1914
Cost- $380 million
Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died)
Time – Construction took 10 years
• The French had
already
unsuccessfully
attempted to build a
canal through Panama
• America first had to
help Panama win their
independence from
Colombia – which it
did
• Construction of the
Canal stands as one
of the greatest
engineering feats of
all-time
Roosevelt and the World
► Constructing the Canal
– Builders battled disease
– Workers were from Spain,
Italy; ¾ were blacks from
the West Indies;
– 5,600 died from accidents
or disease
– 10 years to build
– August 15, 1914- Canal
opened
► Roosevelt Corollary
– “Speak softly and carry a
big stick”
– 1904- Roosevelt CorollaryU.S. would use force to
protect its economic
interests in Latin America
• Dollar Diplomacy
– Taft- his policy of America
loaning money to Latin
American countries
This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line
(canal) cutting across the middle of Panama
Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal,
which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000
Taft &Dollar Dipolmacy
• Dollar Diplomacy- using U.S.
Government to guarantee loans made
to foreign countries by American
businesspeople.
• Nicaragua
– 1911- loaned money to Nicaragua to pay
off its debt.
– When they couldn’t pay off the loans,
bankers took control of the railroad system
and its national bank.
Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary
Diplomacy
► Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warned against any nations expanding their
influence in Latin America.
► Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”, had a moral responsibility to deny
any Latin American government it viewed oppressive, or hostile to U.S.
interest.
Missionary
Diplomacy
Mexican Revolution
Intervention in
Mexico
Rebellion in Mexico
Porfirio Diaz overthrown
by Madero
Gen. Victoriano Huerta
Executes Madero
Wilson invades Veracruz
Venustiano Carranza
Wilson withdraws troops
in1915
“Pancho” Villa
Emiliano Zapata
General John J. Pershing
Activities of the United States in
the Caribbean, 1898-1930
Chasing Villa
►President Wilson ordered Gen. John
Pershing an about 15,000 soldiers to capture
Villa dead or alive.
►Troops clash with Mexican army in 1916.
►Pershing is ordered home in 1917.
►U.S. pursued and achieved several foreign
policy goals in the early 20th century.
– Expanded access to foreign markets
– U.S. built a modern day navy
– U.S. exercised its police power to ensure
dominance in Latin America
Roosevelt/Taft/Wilson Foreign
Policies
Roosevelt
-Russo-Japanese
War(Nobel Peace Prize)
-Panama Canal
-Roosevelt Corollary
-Big Stick Diplomacywarned European
countries to stay out of
Latin America
Wilson
-Missionary
Diplomacy- aid
countries that are a
threat to U.S.
-Intervention in Mexico
-Chasing Pancho Villa