Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Goals 9 and 10 Review Lessons Warren G. Harding Was president of the United States for only 2 years. He succeeded President Wilson. His stated goal was for the United States to Return to Normalcy after a very costly world war. His openness and optimism was appreciated by the nation. Unfortunately Harding was in very poor health unbeknownst to him. He died in the middle of a conversation with his wife. It was most likely a heart attack or stroke. Harding Administration Scandals Unfortunately before President Harding died several corruption scandals were uncovered that embarrassed the government. The first was the Forbes Scandal when an army colonel was accused of selling scarce medical supplies from Veterans’ hospitals and keeping the cash. The worst scandal was the Tea Pot Dome scandal which involved Albert Fall the Secretary of the Interior being bribed with $300,000 to allow American oil companies to drill in Wyoming at a U.S. Navy oil reserve. Calvin Coolidge President of the United States for 7 years. He finished Harding’s term then was re-elected. He was known as a “friend to business” because of his Laissez Faire policies. Many people because of his economic views the United States headed toward a reckless financial path. Herbert Hoover Hoover was elected president in 1928. He believed in Laissez-Faire economics [limited regulation]. Without strict regulation banks and investment houses lent money to people who could not repay loans. Stock brokers [people who sell stocks] allowed investors to buy on margin [buy stocks now and pay for them later]. When stock dropped in value investors could not repay and banks went out of business. Thousands of people lost their life savings. People move into shack towns called Hoovervilles. Black Tuesday Prices of stocks started to plunge in value in October of 1929. Bad loans that were not repaid and speculation [rumors] led to a furious sell off of stocks and the U.S. Stock dropped in value by more than half. Most people lost their life savings. Many people committed suicide. Hawley-Smoot Tariff Many U.S. businesses believed it was best to protect American markets buy having high tariffs [taxes on foreign imported goods]. As a result of corporate pressure the Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised the average tariff rate to the highest point in U.S. history. In retaliation foreign countries raised their tariffs and as result American exports plunged and domestic companies suffered as did the U.S. economy. U.S. Senators Willis Hawley and Reed Smoot Direct Relief Millions of U.S. citizens pleaded with local and state governments for financial assistance. Bread and soup lines streamed down city streets throughout the United States. Local and state governments quickly ran out of funds to handle the crisis. Finally in 1932 outgoing President Herbert Hoover signed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act which provided direct relief financially for citizens by creating public works jobs [usually construction] and emergency loans. Some economic causes of the Great Depression Easy Credit-During the “roaring 20s” many banks and financial institutions gave credit and loans to people who were not really able to pay it back. These loans were very risky. Overproduction-Many companies were manufacturing an over supply of goods that inevitably forced prices to plunge. Installment Plan-People who bought goods on credit paid their loans in installments [separate payments over time ]. The problem with this was that people had no money to buy other goods. Therefore, businesses suffered and laid off workers. The Misery of the Great Depression Hoovervilles-Towns where entire villages of shacks were built by people who lost their homes. Soup Kitchens-Locations where poor, hungry people could receive free hot soup from churches and relief agencies. Bread lines-Locations where poor, hungry people could receive bread that was often hard and stale. The lines were usually very long. The Bonus Army Discharged World War I veterans were also suffering from the effects of the Great Depression. They were promised cash bonuses by 1945 after WWI but they wanted them early. In the summer of 1932 43,000 men [17,000 veterans] marched on Washington, D.C. and camped out until they received pay. The protestors were forced to leave but given jobs in the C.C.C. and given early payments in 1936 by President Roosevelt. The Dust Bowl During the 1930s there were prolonged droughts that devastated farmers’ crops on the Midwest. Farmers were unable to repay their loans and most of them had land foreclosed. Farmers were forced to move elsewhere for better opportunities. The suffering was described in John Steinbeck’s novel about the Dust Bowl the Grapes of Wrath. Jazz: An original American creation Jazz music is the first popular music created in the United States. The music style was a combination of African originated music and Ragtime music. The music style is well known for encouraging improvisation [loose note structure where musicians can play whichever notes they wish without following sheet music]. Perhaps the most famous and popular Jazz musician of the early 1900s was Louis Armstrong who was most well known for playing the trumpet and occasionally. Silent Films and Talkies During the late 1800s motion pictures were made in both the Europe and the United States. In the early 1900s popular motion picture [movie] stars acted in silent films which did not have speaking audio. All dialogue was conveyed using sub titles. Dramatic music played by orchestras provided sound to portray emotion. Sadness was conveyed usually with a slow violin. In 1927 the first full length talkie [integrated spoken audio] titled the Jazz Singer starred Al Jolson who was a famous Vaudeville stage actor. Film audio Famous American Writers Many American writers during the 1920s wrote about their frustration and disillusionment with the Great War and its devastating effects. Some writers even left the United States for years and became known as members of the Lost Generation [Ernest Hemingway was one of these he authored novels such the Old Man and the Sea. F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of the Great Gatsby, wrote about the excesses of rich New Yorkers. Sinclair Lewis criticized what he thought was the silliness of small town life. The Battle Over Prohibition The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed in 1919 to prohibit the manufacture, sale and use of alcoholic beverages. People all over the United States still wanted to drink alcoholic beverages such as gin, whiskey and beer. Bootleggers distilled [made] liquor and beer secretly in basement or on rural farms and sold it to speakeasies [secret, private bars] and private citizens for consumption. The Great Bambino A former juvenile delinquent from Maryland named George Herman Ruth captured the imagination of the nation in the 1910s. Babe Ruth, as he became called, was signed to a professional baseball contract out of a reform school for incorrigible kids. He was originally a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox won multiple World Series titles but showed so much power as a hitter that he became a full time hitter [outfielder]. His towering home runs were unusual because before him homeruns were rare. He was adored by American fans and won several championships with the New York Yankees. Charles Lindbergh the aviator On May 21, 1927 Charles Lindbergh became the first person to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean. Few people believed he could accomplish the air voyage. The flight took 33.5 hours. He left from Long Island, N.Y. and landed in Paris, France. For the rest of his life he promoted commercial aviation. Automobiles changed America After Henry Ford’s Model T was invented and mass produced people who could afford them had their lives totally transformed. People had more freedom and were much more mobile. The Radio When F.D.R. was governor of New York state and he faced a Republican majority opposition in the legislature he decided to speak directly to voters using the radio. When he became President of United States he gave speeches he named his fireside chats because they were given at night when citizens were in their living rooms sitting by their fireplaces. The speeches were usually about very important national issues such as taxes, legislation and World War II. Marketing and Advertising Despite the depressed and struggling economy of the 1930s American businesses and corporations were very imaginative and creative . Advertisements were posted on printed billboards and in radio advertisements for broadcast over the airwaves so millions of people could be persuaded to buy the products ranging from cigarettes to pharmaceuticals. Race and Racial Conflicts After the Civil War the K.K.K. [Ku Klux Klan] was formed by Southern whites who were angry over the federal government’s reversal of slavery. The KKK was a white supremacist group that used terror to strike fear in the hearts of Americans. The KKK terrorized blacks throughout the South and Midwest. Harlem Renaissance During the 1920s and 1930s Harlem, New York City became a majority black neighborhood. Several artists [musicians and writers] became well known such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Duke Ellington. Ellington was Jazz pianist and composer who gained world fame and acceptance from whites. Hurston had been a house maid and janitor but was later recognized for her famous novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. Hughes an openly gay man became a well known poet. Race and Racial Conflicts In 1905 the NAACP [National Association for the Advancement of Colored People] was established to fight for the legal rights and protections of black people in the United States. Jim Crow laws limited the freedoms and opportunities of blacks and this organization wrote articles and lobbied legislatures to rid the nation of institutional racism. The well known black intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois, who was the first person to receive a Ph. D from Harvard University, was a founding member of the group. Race and Racial Conflicts An immigrant form Jamaica named Marcus Garvey was trained as a printer in his homeland and later traveled throughout Latin America and worked for different newspapers. When he lived in New York City he became a successful businessman and started the Black Star Line in 1919 [black owned cruise ship company] that lasted only 3 years because of poor financial management and F.B.I. sabotage. He was well known for starting the Back to Africa Movement that encouraged blacks to unite and return to a more free Africa in countries like Liberia. He also created a group called the U.N.I.A. [United Negro Improvement Association] that encouraged blacks to become better trained, better educated so they could be self-sufficient. Garvey was later convicted of mail fraud by the federal government and deported to Jamaica in 1927 where he later died. 1924 Native American Suffrage Act Voting rights were granted by the federal government to Native Americans in 1924. However, many states passed laws to deny Native Americans suffrage. It wasn’t until 1948 that full suffrage rights were granted to all Native Americans. The Tragedy of Sacco and Vanzetti Two Italian immigrants who lived on Massachusetts were arrested for the armed robbery and murder of two men. Bartolomeo Venzetti and Nicola Sacco were the suspects arrested. Both men were admitted anarchists. Local police had been investigating anarchists and their anti-government activities arrested Sacco and Venzetti on May 5, 1920 both armed with pistols. There were tremendous doubts about the evidence against the 2 men but they were convicted of all charges. All subsequent appeals went against the men. Sacco and Venzetti were executed on August 23, 1927 despite popular protests. Controversial Religious Figures Former Major League Baseball player Billy Sunday was the most popular evangelist [someone who travels and preaches] during the 1910s and 1920s. He preached Hellfire and Damnation to crowds of thousands of people throughout the nation. He earned millions of dollars preaching at a time when most Americans were flat broke. The expansion of radio and its programs decreased his popularity. Aimee Semple McPherson Aimee Semple McPherson ne of the most popular female evangelists in U.S. history. From California she founded the Four Square Church that focused on the Rapture. Through radio programs McPherson warned people they needed to be prepared for Jesus’ return. The John T. Scopes “Monkey” Trial In 1925 a high school biology teacher in Tennessee was encouraged to teach a lesson on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution based on a chapter in the science text book. He was arrested for breaking the Butler Act which prohibited teaching evolution. The law was an example of legislation based on religious fundamentalism. Scopes took the charges to trial and he was “prosecuted” by former U.S. Senator William Jennings Bryan. His defense attorney was famous lawyer Clarence Darrow. After lots of court room theatrics Scopes was convicted and fined $100. Gender Controversies During the 1920s many women throughout the United States decided to challenge established acceptable behaviors. Women who dressed in skimpy, short skirts revealing most of their legs became known as Flappers. The term is related to prostitution. These women were often considered “slutty” because of their fashion choices and loose attitudes about sex, smoking and alcohol consumption. Margaret Sanger Sanger was a devout Catholic woman from New York state in during the late 1800s and early 1900s. She was an advocate of sex education and birth control. She was a founder of the American Birth Control League which sought to provide women with information and options for pregnancies. She was met with extreme opposition by the government and religious fundamentalists. She was always imperiled by the strict Comstock Law of 1873. The New Deal After his election as president of the United States in 1932 F.D.R. introduced a plan [legislative Agenda] to return the nation to prosperity called the New Deal. President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal sought to repair the nation’s economy and image by using the Three Rs: Relief Recovery Reform All of F.D.R.’s programs from 1933- 1936 were intended to support his New Deal. Domestic Problems in need repair F.D.R. needed to spend tax money to improve the lives of U.S. citizens. When there was little money the U.S. had to borrow money in the form of bonds from citizens. When a government spends more money then it takes in its called deficit spending. There were also millions of elderly people who had their life savings wiped out by the Great Depression. The Social Security Act was passed in 1935 to provide modest pensions [monetary retirement payments] to people over 65 years of age. F.D.R.’s Progressivist Legislation Agricultural Adjustment Act-Farmers were encouraged to destroy their crops or simply not grow their crops to lower the supply thereby raising the market price. National Industrial Recovery Act-this law relaxed the regulations on businesses that were related to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The N.R.A. [National Recovery Administration] was told to post the Blue Eagle on their windows and doors. The federal government gave incentives to people who bought from companies who cooperated. National Labor Relations Act [Wagner Act]-this law gave the right to collectively bargain to unions. Fair Labor Standards Act-this law guaranteed a minimum wages of $.40 an hour, guaranteed overtime pay [time and a half], and most child labor. Federal Government Agencies F.D.I.C. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-fed agency created to guarantee the deposits [savings] of each bank account holder up to $100,000. T.V.A. Tennessee Valley Authority-federally sponsored electric company that produced very low cost electricity for the Southeastern United States. Also provided were construction and service jobs for thousands of American workers. W.P.A. Works Progress Administration-fed agency that employed unskilled workers who built parks and other public projects. Similar to the P.W.A. Leaders during the New Deal Era Huey P. Long-a governor and U.S senator from Louisiana from 1928-1935 he was avowed advocate of the poor and disadvantaged. His policies such as the Share Our Wealth program sought to limit the wealth of the richest U.S. citizens with progressive income taxes in order to fund the standard of living for the poorest Americans. Father Charles Coughlin [speech on Youtube]-was a Detroit area Catholic priest who criticized F.D.R.’s New Deal Programs as not going far enough to help the poor and that the president was too close to Wall Street bankers. Frances Perkins-the first female member of a president’s cabinet. As Secretary of Labor she championed the central New Deal programs such as the Minimum Wage, Social Security Act and Public Works Administration. Benito Mussolini Italy was led by Benito Mussolini [president] for about 22 years. Leader of Italy’s Fascist party. Main ideas of his government: Extreme nationalism Strong military Against personal freedom Against big business Adolf Hitler Germany was lead by Adolf Hitler [Fuehrer] for about 12 years. Leader of Germany’s Nazi party. Main ideas of his government: white supremacy Strong military Control of Central Europe Elimination of Jews The Third Reich The 12 year period from 1933- 1945 was called the 3rd Reich during Hitler’s leadership. The Nazi Party attempted to pattern itself after the great episodes in German history. The government was responsible the invasion and destruction of Europe and the mass murder of millions of Jews in Eastern Europe. Countries and their leaders Japan was led by Emperor Hirohito for about 20 years. Absolute Monarch of Japan. Main ideas of his government: Modern version of ancient Japan. Held absolute control over people’s lives. Viciously loyal military. Wanted control over fellow oriental Asians [China and Korea]. Munich Pact [Munich Agreement] European countries became nervous over Germany’s invasions. England’s Prime Minister [before Churchill] met with Hitler. What did Hitler tell him? Czechoslovakia was all he wanted and no one else had to be worried. Josef Stalin The Soviet Union was led by Josef Stalin [Communist party leader] for about 30 years. Leader of the Communist party. Main ideas of his government: Control every portion of people’s lives. Strong military. Have equality among regular people. No private businesses for profit. Winston Churchill Great Britain was led by Winston Churchill [Prime Minister] for about 10 years. Prime Minister of England. Main ideas of his government: England must be a strong leader in the world. Government must help people succeed. England must cooperate with its fellow countries. Kellogg-Briand Pact In 1928 the United States and France [England, Japan, Italy and Germany also joined the pact] initiated a peace agreement to renounce [reject or avoid] aggression. Frank B. Kellogg was the U.S. Secretary of State and Aristide Briand was the French foreign minister. Despite the agreement to not engage in unprovoked warfare Germany, Italy and Germany all violated the agreement and invaded other countries. Violations of this “pact” was the source of future prosecutions for war crimes after World War II ended. Neutrality Acts The United States, led by F.D.R., decided it was best to remain isolationist as much as possible. However, the U.S. did provide opportunities for foreign nations to trade with it. The U.S. passed so-called Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, 1937 and 1939. Weapons and supplies were sold to European nations friendly to the United States. President Franklin Roosevelt’s Quarantine’s Speech F.D.R. believed it was in the United States’ best interest to avoid nations that were involved in aggression towards other nations. F.D.R. did not mention specific nations but it was obvious he was talking about Italy, Japan and Germany who had attacked other nations in Asia and Europe. The speech raised tension between the U.S. and the aggressor nations. Non-Aggression Pact [Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact This was a pledge [promise] by Germany and the Soviet Union to remain neutral if either country was attacked by another country. The pact was signed on August 23, 1939 but was violated by Germany on June 22, 1941 after it invaded the Soviet Union. Unfortunately due to very harsh weather the German invasion ended in disaster with heavy casualties and surrenders. Four Freedoms F.D.R. delivered a State of the Union Address [Youtube speech] on January 6, 1941 about what he called the Four Freedoms. Roosevelt told Congress that he looked forward to a word founded on: [1] Freedom of speech and expression [2] Freedom of worship [religion] [3] Freedom from want [basic standard of living is met] [4] Freedom from fear based on reduced military armaments Lend-Lease Act of 1941 In order to avoid conflict and remain a non-combatant F.D.R. tried to comply with the Neutrality Acts he decided to limit involvement to lending military equipment and lending money to foreign nations. The legislation raised German suspicions toward the U.S. and it stepped up U-boat attacks on Allied ships. After the war the U.S. received returned equipment and discounted by 90% money it lent to foreign nations. Japan’s Aggression at Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack was done using war planes. Attack was a near total surprise but killed over 2,000 U.S. servicemen. F.D.R. called the day one “that would live in infamy.” The United States declared war against the Axis powers days after. Manhattan Project In 1941 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers started a top secret program to create a weapon of mass destruction. The program was code named Manhattan. Scientists from countries such as Italy, Germany, Austria and the U.S. were able to enrich uranium and plutonium. The process was based on atomic chain reactions which massive amounts of energy to release. The weapon became known as the atomic bomb. The United States Strikes Back! Within three days of each other the United States dropped two atomic bombs. Code names were Fat man and Little Boy First one on Hiroshima, Japan. Second one on Nagasaki, Japan. At least 80,000 killed instantly. Many more died due to radiation poison later on. Berlin Airlift The Soviets challenged Truman’s containment and occasionally test the United States. Best example of this was Stalin’s blockade of West Berlin in 1948. Truman was forced to fly in food, fuel and supplies for West Germans cut off by the Soviets. More than 277,000 flights dropped off 2 million tons of supplies. The Marshall Plan Former World War II army general, George Marshall, became Truman’s Secretary of State after the war He designed the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe. Offered money, equipment, food, machines and workers Purpose? Fix damage caused by WWII Truman Doctrine FDR died in 1945 Vice President Harry Truman took over and decided “stop babying” the Soviets. Truman began of policy of containment. This meant keeping the Soviets from spreading communism to other countries. An Iron Curtain Has Descended… The allied powers split up and Russia became an “enemy” of the United States. Germany was split into two separate countries creating the Berlin Wall In a speech at an American College Winston Churchill described the spread by saying “it appears an iron curtain has descended over Eastern Europe.” Japan was occupied by the United States and was not allowed to have a military. C.I.A. [Central Intelligence Agency] In 1947 the C.I.A. [Central Intelligence Agency] was created with funding from the National Security Act. The mission of the C.I.A. was and remains to acquire intelligence in order to detect foreign threats against the U.S. Intelligence is generally acquired via clandestine [secret] means using espionage [spying]. U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations: U-2 incident To gain information on the other side espionage was practiced. The U.S. sent countless aerial spy missions using U-2 spy planes. In 1960 an American U-2 was shot down over Soviet territory. The U.S. pilot, Gary Powers, was jailed for nearly 2 years. U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations Threats of war from both sides were constant. Both sides tested each other occasionally with minor challenges to see what the other would do. At other times the challenges were great. In the face of challenges important decisions had to occur. Should we use nuclear force? These type of “battles” were called brinkmanship. Forcing the other side to the “brink” of war. Bay of Pigs Invasion In April of 1961 a secret C.I.A. sponsored mission to overthrow Cuban Communist leader Fidel Castro was defeated by Cuban forces. Castro soon after sought the protection of the Soviet Union. Korematsu vs. United States:1944 [Opposition to Japanese Internment] Facts of the Case: Supreme Court’s Ruling: President Franklin Roosevelt issued an Executive Order excluding/removing all Japanese-Americans from the West Coast of the United States. After the 1941 Japanese attack on the U.S. Japanese-Americans were forced to sell their homes and businesses. They were then relocated to “internment camps” in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Many Japanese-Americans had been in the U.S. for several generations and almost all were natural born citizens. Many sued to be released but all failed in their appeals. Fred Korematsu sued for his release and was granted appeal in 1944. Constitutional Issue: Was the executive order issued by the President allowable and within his power? Were Japanese-Americans treated unfairly during a time of war? The opinion determined that as Commander in Chief the president had the duty, power and responsibility to use his judgment to determine how to handle war time emergencies so the “temporary” relocation was not considered a violation of Korematsu’s rights. Rosie the Riveter During World War II with most men overseas fighting the Axis Powers many women worked industrial factory jobs to produce war supplies. The manual labor that women performed was much different than the stereotypical domestic and clerical work many women were accustomed to. There contributions to the war effort was essential to the U.S. victory. “Rosie the Riveter” became an iconic image used as propaganda to motivate women to perform non-traditional factory jobs. W.A.C.s [Women’s Army Corps] Beginning in 1942 an all female U.S. army unit called the Women’s Army Corps was formed and given full active status in 1943. The unit performed support role such as air traffic control for the U.S. Army Air Corps [forerunner of the Air Force]. There was significant opposition to the female service personnel by traditionalists therefore a female draft was never begun. General McArthur called the WACs his best soldiers because they were worked harder, complained less, and had more discipline than men. G.I. Bill [Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 After victory over Germany was assured in Europe at the end of WWII. Congress passed legislation granted veterans to paid tuition for vocational [job] training or college/university tuition in 1944. The goal of the program was to ease the transition [reentry] into civilian life. The program was also seen as a measure of re-payment for servicemen’s sacrifices. Levittown, New York Housing developer William Levitt built several planned suburban housing developments on Long Island, New York from 1947-1951. Previously, homes and buildings had been built over time as needs arose and economic shifts occurred. Since many returning G.I.s [military servicemen] wanted to start families and careers there was a huge demand for housing in cities throughout the U.S. Levittown’s pre-planned community design served as the model for future development. Baby Boomers During the post WWII period from 1946-1964 more than 78 million people were born in the United States. The so-called Baby Boom was the result an unprecedented period of peace, prosperity and economic expansion. Favorable domestic economic conditions lead to huge population increases that created greater demands for housing, schools and public services within the United States. As these citizens age the stress on the Social Security and Medicare system will only increase. Image Sources http://discaircraft.greyfalcon.us/picturest/eagle11.jpg http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2008/adolf_hitler/adolf_hitler_04.jpg http://wa8.wikispaces.com/file/view/British_Prime_Minister_Neville_Chamberlain_shake_hands_ on_Sept__30,_1938_-_the_day_they_signed_the_Munich_Agreement,_sealing_the_fate_of_Czechoslovakia.jpg/1960419 40/British_Prime_Minister_Neville_Chamberlain_shake_hands_on_Sept__30,_1938_-_the_day_they_signed_the_Munich_Agreement,_sealing_the_fate_of_Czechoslovakia.jpg http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Union-Jack.jpg http://img153.imageshack.us/img153/3550/31955705.jpg http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/62/65962-004-A6CCCFAF.jpg http://images.petergreenberg.com/images/blog/french-flag.jpg http://outlawktty.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/us-flag-jpg.gif https://files.pbworks.com/download/KF7vP01BAq/bashapedia/13961720/11010cs.jpg http://themessagingproject.com/FDR.ht2.gif http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/fdrin1936wapostphoto.JPG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/2daf9e60d38e101d72f111a8609b607e_1M.png