Download WARM UP Who was present at the Yalta Conference?

Warm-up
Harry S. Truman’s use of
the A-bomb to end the war
with Japan has been
studied for many years.
Explain why you support
his decision or not.
What other alternatives did
he have?
WARM UP
• Who was present at the Yalta
Conference? What was the result?
• What two things did Russia promise
the US at the conference?
• What was the policy of the US
toward communism after WWII?
The Cold War
Superpowers and the specter
of nuclear war
The Yalta Conference
• February, 1945
• Big Three meet to
discuss postwar
Germany and other
issues regarding the
post World War II
world.
• Tensions between
allies becoming
apparent.
Allied Occupation of Postwar
Germany
Tensions between Allies
• Churchill
concerned with
Stalin and Soviet
establishment of
Soviet-style
communist
regimes in
Eastern European
nations liberated
by the Red Army
POLAND
• After liberating the
Poles from Nazi
control, the Soviet
Red Army occupied
Poland.
• FDR & Churchill
wanted the Poles to
have free democratic
elections.
• Stalin promised to
hold unfettered
democratic elections
in Poland.
Roosevelt & Pacific War
• At Yalta, FDR’s health
was seriously in
decline.
• FDR seeks to get help
from Soviet Union in
the war against Japan
• Stalin promises that
the USSR would
declare war on Japan
three months after
war against Germany
ends.
The United
Nations
• The Allies agreed to
establish an
international peace
keeping organization
following World War
II.
• This was to replace
the defunct League of
Nations.
• It would be based on
the principles of the
Atlantic Charter. The
United Nations would
be the fulfillment of
Woodrow Wilson’s
dream.
• A new ‘Big Three’
– Churchill, President
Harry S. Truman, and
Stalin.
• Churchill would be
replaced by Clement
Atlee.
• Germany defeated.
• Soviet Union promise
to enter war against
Japan.
– Worry that the USSR
would do in Asia what
had been done in
Eastern Europe
– Free elections in
Poland had not been
held.
The Potsdam
Conference
Superpowers
SUPERPOWERS
The United States
•Leader of the Western
Powers
•Democracy, Representative
government
•Capitalism, free-market
economy, private ownership
•Social freedom
The Soviet Union
•Leader of the Eastern Bloc
•Communism, socialistic
government
•Government ownership of
industry and property
•High degree of
government control of
society
S T A L I N ‘ s Declaration
• In a speech to the
Communist Party
convention in
February of 1946,
Stalin outlined plans
to expand
communism around
the world which was
viewed as a threat to
the Western
democratic countries.
CONTAINMENT
CONTAINMENT
War in Turkey and
Greece
• In postwar
Europe, civil
conflicts break out
between
communist and
nationalist forces
in Greece and
Turkey for control
of government
The Truman Doctrine
• “I believe it must be
the policy of the
United States to
support free peoples
who are resisting
attempted
subjugation by
armed minorities or
by outside
pressures.”
Truman Doctrine
• Communism and
ideological threat
that must be
confronted anywhere
in the world
• Promoted the use of
American military
and economic
assistance to forces
fighting against
communism
• Immediately lead to
$400 million dollars
in aid to Greece and
Turkey
“I R O N C U R T A I N”
“From Stettin in the Baltic to
Trieste in the Adriatic an iron
curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that
line lie all the capitals of the
ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe. Warsaw,
Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade,
Bucharest and Sofia; all these
famous cities and the
populations around them lie
in what I must call the Soviet
sphere, and all are subject, in
one form or another, not only
to Soviet influence but to a
very high and in some cases
increasing measure of control
from Moscow.”
Former British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill’s speech at
Westminster College in Fulton,
Missouri.
The Marshall Plan
• European Economic
Recovery Plan
United States Secretary of State
George C. Marshall.
• Its purpose was to rebuild
European nations
economically and prevent
the spread of communism.
• Open to all European
nations which would allow
for free democratic
elections.
• USSR and its satellite
nations did not participate.
• 16 nations participated
receiving approximately
$12.5 billion dollars in
economic assistance.
Soviet Takeover in Czechoslovakia
National Defense Act
Berlin Crisis
1949
1949
Berlin Airlift Continues
Stalin finally lifts the blockade
G E R M A N Y - two separate
nations
Federal Republic of Germany
German Democratic Republic
N A T O
• North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
established.
• Created out of increased
fear of Soviet aggression
in Europe and fear of
possible World War III.
• Defensive Military
Alliance.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• All member countries
promised to defend each
other.
– An attack on any one
country was an attack on all
NATO nations.
• Western European
members of NATO.
– Belgium, Denmark, France,
Great Britain, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway and
Portugal
• North American members
of NATO.
– The United States and
Canada.
General Dwight Eisenhower of the
United States named as first Supreme
NATO Commander
CHINESE CIVIL WAR continues
Chinese Nationalists v Communists
•
Lead by Chiang Kai-Shek
Lead by Mao Zedong
The People’s Republic of China
Communist (Red)
Communist Chinese victorious in 1949
American Policy of CONTAINMENT had failed.
Joe-1, Soviet Atomic BombAugust 29, 1949
The Korean Division
North Korean Invasion
Truman invokes
United Nations Action
The Red Scare
The
nd
2
Red Scare Terrifies America
• Cold War fears
intensify American
paranoia of
Communism in the
United States
– During World War II
years, 80,000
Americans claimed
membership in the
American Communist
Party.
1930s American Communist &
Socialist party membership
Federal Employee Loyalty
Program
• Loyalty Oaths &
Loyalty Review
Board.
• Investigate
government
employees.
• Between 1947 and
1951, 3.2 million
employees
investigated, 212
dismissed as security
risks, 2,900 resigned
because they refused
to be investigated.
House UnAmerican Activities
Committee
HUAC investigates
Hollywood
Was Hollywood sneaking Communist propaganda into movies?
The Hollywood Ten
The ‘unfriendly ten’ were those of the 43 witnesses from the
film industry who refused to testify. They were eventually
sent to prison for their lack of cooperation.
The BLACKLIST
• Hollywood executive
created a ‘blacklist’
of actors, writers,
producers, directors
who were said to have
communist ties or
leaning, and these
individuals were
banned from work in
the American film
industry.
McCarran Internal Security Act
• Made it illegal to
play any action that
might lead to the
establishment of a
totalitarian
dictatorship in the
United States.
• Vetoed by President
Truman
• Overridden by
Congress.
The Alger Hiss Case
• Alger Hiss served as a State
Department official in the
1930s.
• Known communist spy
Whitaker Chambers
accused Alger Hiss of being
a Soviet Spy
• Congressman Richard
Nixon (R-Ca) lead the
prosecution of Hiss.
• Microfilm recovered from a
pumpkin patch was
produced as evidence
against Hiss.
• Hiss maintained his
innocence, but was
convicted of perjury
The Rosenbergs
• Ethel & Julius
Rosenberg were
implicated by Klaus
Fuchs for passing
atomic secrets to the
Soviet Union which
allowed the Soviet
Union to create an
atomic bomb.
• The Rosenbergs were
minor activist in the
American
Communist Party.
• Found guilty for
espionage and
sentenced to death
The Rise of Joe McCarthy
• McCarthy was the junior
U.S. Senator from
Wisconsin.
• He had had a
undistinguished tenure in
the United States Senate.
• In 1950, his seat in the
Senate was up for reelection.
• McCarthy needed to
distinguish himself in
order to be re-elected.
• McCarthy would seize the
public’s fear of
communism.
McCarthyism
• Senator McCarthy used
unfounded accusations,
bullying tactics of
witnesses and
sensational stories to
the press.
• He claimed that there
were Communists in
the United States State
Department and had a
list of their names.
McCarthy & Eisenhower
• 1952 presidential
election,
Republicans,
including Eisenhower
refused to contradict
McCarthy.
Election of 1952
The Downfall of McCarthy
• Accusations that
Communists had
infiltrated the United
States Army.
• President Eisenhower
and Republican party
turned on McCarthy.
• Public opinion turned
against McCarthy as
they witnessed his
harassing tactics,
obnoxious behavior,
and mean-spiritedness
during hearings on
TELEVISION
Korean War Truce Signed
Death of Joseph Stalin, 1953
United States detonates first Hydrogen bomb
Soviet Union detonates first hydrogen bomb one year later
Geneva Conference, 1954
French defeat in Indochina
French forces overwhelmed and surrender at Dien Bien Phu
1954
Geneva
Accords
and
Indochina
Establishment
of the
WARSAW PACT