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STANDARD(S): 11.4 Students
CH 12-SEC 1
trace the rise of the United States to its role as
a world power in the twentieth century.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Identify the long-term causes and the immediate
circumstances that led to World War I.
2. Describe the first two years of the war.
3. Summarize U.S. public opinion about the war.
4. Explain why the United States entered the war.
Section 1
World War I Begins
As World War I intensifies, the United States is
forced to abandon its neutrality.
NEXT
CAUSES OF THE WAR
Historians have traditionally cited four long-term causes of the
First World War
MILITARISM – The growth of nationalism and imperialism led
to increased military spending
ALLIANCE SYSTEM – By 1907 Europe was divided into two
armed camps
IMPERIALISM – Economic and political control over weaker
nations
NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of
one’s nation
SECTION
1
World War I Begins
Causes of World War I
Nationalism
• Nationalism—devotion to interests, culture of
one’s nation
• Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism
between nations
• Many fear Germany’s growing power in Europe
• Various ethnic groups resent domination, want
independence
• Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic peoples
Continued . . .
NEXT
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is extreme pride in
your country
NATIONALISM
 Often nationalism led
to rivalries and conflicts
between nations
 Additionally, various
ethnic groups resented
domination by others
and wanted
independence
 Russia and AustriaHungary disagreed over
the treatment of Serbs in
central Europe
Germany was allied with
Austria-Hungary while
Russia, France and Britain
were partners
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite the
war in Europe?
1.Nationalism –
• encouraged competitiveness and
antagonism among nations;
• made various ethnic groups want
to establish independent nations of
their own.
Chapter 11 Section 1
• A – How did nationalism and imperialism
lead to conflict in Europe?
– Nationalism and imperialism encouraged
each European nation to pursue its own
interests and compete for power.
SECTION
1
World War I Begins
Causes of World War I
Imperialism
• Germany industrializes, competes with France,
Britain for colonies
Continued . . .
NEXT
IMPERIALISM
As Germany industrialized it
competed directly with France
and Britain
 Major European countries
also competed for land in
Africa
 For many centuries, European nations built empires
 Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and provided markets
for manufactured goods
What is Imperialism?
• When a country dominates another country
either by annexing it or turning it into a
colony.
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
2. Imperialism –
•Encouraged
competiveness and
antagonism among
nations
SECTION
1
continued
Causes of World War I
Militarism
• Cost of building, defending empires leads to more
military spending
• Militarism—development of armed forces, their use
in diplomacy
• By 1890, Germany has strongest army on European
continent
- competes with Britain for sea power
- leads other powers to join naval arms race
NEXT
What is militarism?
• Building up military and then using it to
solve your problems.
MILITARISM
 Empires had to be defended and
European nations increased
military spending enormously in
the late 19th and early 20th century
 By 1890 the strongest nation
militarily in Europe was Germany
 Germany had a strong army and
built up a navy to rival England’s
fleet
 France, Italy, Japan and the
United States quickly joined in the
naval buildup
Battleships were being stockpiled by European nations, Japan and
America in the late 19th and early 20th century
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
3. Militarism –
•Led to military buildups and a naval arms
race.
SECTION
1
An Assassination Leads to War
Alliances Complicate Conflict
• Balkan Peninsula known as “the powder keg of
Europe” because:
- ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples
- leading powers have economic, political interests
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria shot by
Serbian nationalist
• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects
short war
• Alliance system pulls one nation after another
into war
NEXT
THE ASSASSINATION
Gavrilo
Princip
THE SPARK: AN ASSASSINATION
 The Balkan region
was considered “the
powder keg of Europe”
due to competing
interests in the area
Finally, in June of
1914, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the
Austrian throne was
gunned down by a
Serbia radical igniting a
diplomatic crisis
Competing interests in the
Balkans
Russia wanted
access to the
Mediterranean Sea
 Germany wanted
a rail link to the
Ottoman Empire
 Austria-Hungary,
which had taken
control of Bosnia in
1878, accused
Serbia of subverting
its rule over Bosnia
SECTION
1
continued
Causes of World War I
Alliance System
• Triple Entente or Allies—France, Britain, Russia
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire are
Central Powers
• Alliances give security; nations unwilling to tip
balance of power
NEXT
ALLIANCE SYSTEM
 By 1907 there were two
major defense alliances in
Europe
TRIPLE ENTENTE
 The Triple Entente, later
known as the Allies,
consisted of France, Britain,
and Russia
FRANCE
BRITAIN
RUSSIA
The Triple Alliance, later
known as the Central
Powers, consisted of
Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy (Soon joined by the
Ottoman Empire
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
4. Alliances –
•Committed nations to
support one another if
attacked.
Domino
Effect
• B – Why were so many European nations
pulled into the conflict?
– The alliance system pulled one nation after
another into the conflict.
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
5. Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand –
• Led to Austria-Hungary to
declare war on Serbia,
• Which automatically brought
nations involved in the
alliance system.
SECTION
1
The Fighting Starts
Early Battles
• Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold Russia, defeat
France, then Russia
• German troops sweep through Belgium, cause
major refugee crisis
• By spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches
cross France
• “No man’s land”—barren expanse of mud
between opposing trenches
• Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive
• Armies fight to gain only yards of ground in
bloody trench warfare
NEXT
THE FIGHTING BEGINS
 The Alliance system
pulled one nation after
another into the conflict –
The Great War had begun
 On August 3, 1914,
Germany invaded
Belgium, following a
strategy known as the
Schlieffen Plan
 This plan called for a
quick strike through
Belgium to Paris, France
The Schliefflen Plan
THE FIGHTING BEGINS
Next, Germany
would attack Russia
 The plan was
designed to prevent
a two-front war for
Germany
The Schliefflen Plan
THE WAR BECOMES A STALEMATE
 Unable to save Belgium, the
Allies retreated to the Marne
River in France where they
halted the German advance in
September of 1914
By the spring of 1915, two
parallel systems of deep
trenches crossed France from
Belgium to Switzerland
 There were 3 types of
trenches; front line, support,
and reserve
 Between enemy trenches was
“no man’s land” – an area
pockmarked with shell craters
and filled with barbed wire
The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from the fear
of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with the mud,
flooding and disease associated with living in such a harsh
environment.
FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME
 During the First Battle of the
Somme - which began July 1,
1916 and lasted until midNovember – the British suffered
60,000 casualties the first day
 Final casualties for the First
Battle of the Somme totaled 1.2
million, yet only 7 miles of
ground was gained
Gas attacks were common
features of trench life and often
caused blindness and lung
disease
 This bloody trench warfare,
in which armies fought for mere
yards of ground, lasted for
three years
TRENCH WARFARE
• Fighting in
long
interconnect
ed Foxholes/
ditches
Trench Foot- is a fungal infection caused by standing in cold, wet,
and unsanitary trench conditions. It is a severe condition if the
skin is blackened and the underlying bone is dead. that severe of
45
a condition could result in the need of amputation.
Trench Fever which is caused by Lice Excrement is a disease which soldiers
got that had the symptoms of the following; headaches, skin rashes, inflamed
eyes, and leg pains. The recovery time was usually between five days to
several weeks with hospitalization.
Trench Fever
• C – Why do you think soldiers were
rotated in the trenches?
– To maintain their morale by changing their
surroundings periodically.
SECTION
1
Americans Question Neutrality
Divided Loyalties
• Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people against
U.S. in war
• Naturalized citizens concerned about effect on
country of birth
• Many feel ties to British ancestry, language,
democracy, legal system
• U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies than
with Central Powers
NEXT
AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY
 In 1914, most Americans saw no
reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles
away – they wanted neutrality
 Some simply did not want their
sons to experience the horror of
warfare
 German-Americans supported
Germany in World War I
 However, many American felt close
to the British because of a shared
ancestry and language
 Most importantly, American
economic interests were far stronger
with the Allies
French propaganda poster portrayed
the Germans as inhuman and impacted
American attitudes toward the Germans
Guided Reading:
• Why did the following groups of Americans tend
to oppose US participation in the war?
6. Naturalized citizens –
• Had close ties to their home nations.
7. Socialists –
• Saw the war as an imperialist struggle
8. Pacifists –
• Believed that all wars are evil
9. Parents –
• Didn’t want their sons to experience the
horrors of warfare and to die.
• D – Why did the United States begin to
favor Britain and France?
– The US favored France and Britain because it
traded extensively with them,
– and because Germany had been the
aggressor.
SECTION
1
The War Hits Home
The U.S. Prepares
• By 1917, U.S. has mobilized for war against
Central Powers to:
- ensure Allied repayment of debts
- prevent Germans threat to U.S. shipping
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
1
The War Hits Home
The British Blockade
• British blockade, mine North Sea, stop war
supplies reaching Germany
- also stop food, fertilizer
• U. S. merchant ships seldom reach Germany
• Germany has difficulty importing food, fertilizer;
by 1917, famine
Continued . . .
NEXT
THE WAR HITS HOME
 During the first two years of
the war, America was providing
(selling) the allied forces
dynamite, cannon powder,
submarines, copper wire and
tubing and other war material
 Both the Germans and British
imposed naval blockades on
each other
German U-boat 1919
 The Germans used U-boats
(submarines) to prevent
shipments to the North Atlantic
 Any ship found in the waters
around Britain would be sunk
SECTION
1
continued
The War Hits Home
German U-Boat Response
• Germany sets up U-boat counterblockade of Britain
• U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania; 128 Americans
among the dead
- U.S. public opinion turns against Germany
• President Wilson protests, but Germany continues
to sink ships
• Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end food
blockade
- otherwise will renew unrestricted submarine war
NEXT
THE LUSITANIA DISASTER
 United States involvement in
World War I was hastened by the
Lusitania disaster
 The Lusitania was a British
passenger liner that carried 1,198
persons on a fateful trip on May 7,
1915
 A German U-boat sank the British
passenger liner killing all aboard
including 128 American tourists
 The Germans claimed the ship
was carrying Allied ammunition
 Americans were outraged and
public opinion turned against
Germany and the Central Powers
May 7, 1915
• E – How did the German U-boat campaign
affect U.S. Public opinion?
– Because the U-bout campaign killed
Americans and destroyed American property
– It turned public opinion against Germany.
SECTION
1
continued
The War Hits Home
The 1916 Election
• Democrat Wilson defeats Republican Charles
Evans Hughes
NEXT
1916 ELECTION
 The November 1916 election
pitted incumbent Democrat
Woodrow Wilson vs.
Republican candidate Supreme
Court justice Charles Evans
Hughes
 Wilson won a close election
using the slogan, “He kept us
out of war”
 That slogan would prove
ironic because within a few
months the United States
Wilson would be embroiled in World
War I
SECTION
1
The United States Declares War
German Provocation
• Wilson tries to mediate, calls for “a peace
between equals”
• Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all ships in
British waters
• Zimmerman note—proposes alliance of
Germany, Mexico against U.S.
• Four unarmed American merchant ships sunk
• Russian monarchy replaced with representative
government
- war of democracies against monarchies
NEXT
AMERICA EDGES CLOSER TO WAR
Several factors came together to
bring the U.S. into the war;
1) Germany ignored Wilson’s
plea for peace
(Zimmerman note)
Encoded message from Germany
to Mexico
2) The Zimmerman Note, a
telegram from the German foreign
minister to the German
Ambassador in Mexico, proposed
an alliance
 Germany promised Mexico a
return of their “lost territory” in
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
3) Next came the sinking of four
unarmed U.S. merchant ships by
German subs
Zimmerman
note
intercepted by
a British agent
and decoded
SECTION
1
The United States Declares War
America Acts
• Wilson calls for war to make world “safe for
democracy”
NEXT
AMERICA DECLARES WAR
on April 2, 1917, Wilson said,
“The world must be safe for
democracy”
 Congress passed the
resolution a few days later
Guided Reading
• What did the following nations do to encourage
US participation in the war?
10. Britain –
• Cut the transatlantic cable between Germany and
the US.
• Took out large loans from American Banks.
11. Germany –
• Engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Promised Mexico American territory.
12. Russia –
• Overthrew the Czar and established a
representative govt.
• F – Why did the Zimmermann note alarm
the U.S. government?
– It raised the possibility of spreading the war
into the Americas.