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The Progressive Movement Chapter 10 Section 1 The Progressive Movements goals were that they attempted to bring under control the problems created by industrial growth and change. Conservative Viewpoint People who took a conservative, antiprogressive view thought that businesses should be free to compete as they saw fit. In their view, businesses should not be regulated by government commission and agencies. Laissez faire (hands off business) should continue into the 20th century. Progressive Viewpoint People who sided with progressive politicians thought that the time had come to abandon laissez faire. They wanted laws that would stop businesses from competing in unfair ways and provide some protection for consumers and the general public from the unpleasant effects of industrialism. In their view, government should act toward businesses as a good police officer making them obey rules that would ensure safety and fair treatment for all. Effects of Developing Technologies They helped expand the railroad and make it safer with such things as the Bessemer steel process, the Westinghouse air brake, Pullman cars for comfortable train riding, and the development of refrigerated cars that enabled railroads to carry large shipments of food for long distances without fear of spoilage. Some technological developments that helped women get into the workforce were the typewriter, dictaphone, and telephone. Florence Kelly was responsible for a law in Illinois prohibiting employment of women for more than eight hours a day. Lochner v. New York (1905) A New York law prohibited bakers in the state from working more than 60-hour week or a 10-hour day. The United States Supreme Court decided that the New York law violated a business owner’s right under the Fourteenth Amendment not to be deprived of the use of property without “due process of law.” The Court therefore ruled the state law to be unconstitutional. Case of Muller v. Oregon (1908) An Oregon law provided that women could not work more than ten hours a day in factories and laundries. Defending the law before the United States Supreme Court, a brilliant lawyer named Louis Brandeis used scientific studies of women workers to demonstrate that women’s health could not be injured by overly long hours of physical labor. His arguments persuaded Congress the Court to permit Oregon’s law to stand. Social Darwinists believed that wealth was an outcome of the fittest and best rising to the top. The progressive candidates that were running for office depended on the backing of middle class voters and publishers of city newspapers. Middle Class The chief characteristics of the middle class were their practice of reading popular books, newspapers, and magazines. These publications influenced the readers’ economic and political views. Most members of the middle class took their civic duties seriously. The men voted regularly and the women participated in clubs and charities and sometimes joined reform movements. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer owned the New York World, and William Randolph Hearst owned the New York Journal. Both these publications by these two men reached an enormous public by selling newspapers for only a penny and running feature stories that appealed to people’s appetite for scandal and sensation. Yellow Journalism Pulitzer and Hearst used a method called yellow journalism. Muckrakers Monthly magazines like the Ladies Home Journal and McClure’s carried lengthy articles about corruption in city government and shocking conditions in factories and slums. The writers of these articles played dirty politics, or “muck” all that seemed dishonest, immoral, and ugly. Theodore Roosevelt referred to these writers as muckrakers. Two influential magazine writers who were considered muckrakers were Lincoln Steffens, and Ida Tarbell. Muckrakers in our time are known as investigative reporters. Lincoln Steffens Lincoln Steffens wrote magazine articles and a book, The Shame of the Cities (1904), revealed how thoroughly corrupt the city politicians of his time were. Ida Tarbell Ida Tarbell did a thorough investigation of the monopolistic methods of John D. Rockefeller and published it as a series of magazine articles and then as a book, History of the Standard Oil Company. Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle (1906) exposed the dreadful conditions in Chicago meatpacking plants. The public outcry following the publication led directly to a U.S. law providing for federal inspection of meat (the Meat Inspection Act, 1906). A related law, the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), regulated the manufacture of foods. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) It banned the manufacture and sale of impure foods, drugs, and liquors. Required commercially bottled and packaged medicines to be truthfully and fully labeled. Meat Inspection Act (1906) It gave U.S. officials the power to check the quality and healthfulness of meats shipped in interstate commerce. Jacob Riis He wrote How the Other Half Lives which were about the welfare of people living in urban slums. Jane Addams Established the Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago. A Settlement house a building located in a poor immigrant neighborhood were women and children could go for help in adjusting to American life. The women’s suffrage movement tried persuade state legislatures to allow women the right to vote. The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. Booker T. Washington founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic opportunities for African Americans. The NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Four things that NAACP lawyers managed to win concerning civil rights in the Supreme Court that were declared unconstitutional The “grandfather clause” A segregated housing law The practice of denying African Americans the right to serve on juries The practice of denying African Americans the right to run for office in party primaries Ida Wells wrote a muckraking book about the evil of lynching. Marcus Garvey urged African Americans not to seek acceptance by the white majority. Instead, he believed that they should build their own institutions and leave the United States for Africa, their ancestors’ homeland. Reformers in the temperance movement urged people not to drink alcoholic beverages. The Anti-Defamation League were composed of Jewish immigrants from Europe were often the target of native-born Americans’ religious and cultural prejudices. To combat the unfair statements made about them, Jewish Americans organized the AntiDefamation League in 1913.