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Cold War
Conflicts
What do you do when a friend
is accused?
To the Victor goes the Spoils
• Rome defeats Carthage after 2 year siege:
– 50,000 who surrendered sold into slavery, city
razed.
• North defeats South in American Civil War:
– Reconstruction lasts 10 years, South not allowed
self-government, states not re-admitted to Union
until constitutions re-written
• Allies defeat Central Powers in WWI:
– Germany forced to pay reparations which bankrupted
economy, leaving Germany open to dictatorship of Hitler
Origins of the Cold War
Main Idea
The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged from
WW II as two “superpowers” with vastly
different political and economic systems.
Why it Matters Today
After WW II, differences between the U.S. and
the Soviet Union led to a Cold War that
lasted almost to the 21st century.
Former Allies Clash
• The U.S. and the Soviet Union had very
different ambitions for the future. These
differences created a tension that plunged
the two countries into a bitter rivalry.
• The United Nations
– April 25, 1945-50 nations met in S.F.
– June 26, 1945- UN is chartered
• Truman Becomes President
• The Potsdam Conference
– U.S., G.B., Soviet Union met in Postdam
– Soviets block free elections
POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill,
Truman and Stalin
Tension Mounts
• Stalin’s refusal to allow free elections in
Poland convinced Truman that U.S. and
Soviet aims were deeply at odds.
Tension Mounts
Bargaining
At Potsdam
Reparations
U.S. interest abroad
Soviets Grip
Eastern Europe
U.S
Containment
Satellite nations
George F. Kennan
Stop the spread of
Communism
“Iron Curtain”
Marshall Plan to Aid Europe,
1948-1952
UN vs. NATO?
What’s the difference between the UN and NATO?
The UN (United Nations) is a international organization
of every recognized state, created to keep the
peace between nations and create international law
and cooperation.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a
military alliance of the United States, Canada and
most of Europe, created back in the Cold War to
counter Soviet and Communist power. It now
consists of 26 nations.
U.S. Aims vs. Soviet Aims
• The US wanted to…
– Create a new world
order w/self
determination
– Gain access to raw
materials and
markets
– Rebuild European
governments for
American goods
– Reunite Germany
• The Soviet Union…
– Encourage
communism in other
countries
– Rebuild Eastern
Europe w/industrial
equipment & raw
materials
– Control Eastern
Europe to balance
U.S. influence in
Western Europe
– Keep Germany
divided, so it
wouldn’t be a threat
Europe after World War II
Cold War in Europe
• The conflicting U.S. and Soviet aims in Eastern
Europe led to the Cold War, a conflict between
the U.S. and the Soviet Union, in which neither
nation conflicted each other on the battlefield.
• The Truman Doctrine
– Truman asked Congress for $400 million to help
Greece and Turkey.
– US policy to help free people who are resisting
communist takeover
• The Marshall Plan
– George Marshall, Sec. of State
– The U.S. to provide aid to all European nations that
needed it.
– 1948-1952- 16 countries received some $13 billion
in aid
Marshall Plan to Aid Europe,
1948-1952
Superpowers Struggle over
Germany
• As Europe began to get back on its feet, the
U.S. and its allies clashed with the Soviet
Union over the issue of German
reunification.
NATO
Alliance
Berlin
Airlift
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent
the early occupation trying to take over all
zones of the city but were stopped by
German democrats such as Willy Brandt
and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
Russians had to admit the Americans,
French and British to their respective
zones.
Origins of the Cold War
Review
• What were the goals of U.S. foreign
policy in the Cold War?
– To encourage democracy; to gain access
to raw materials and markets; to rebuild
Europe; to contain Soviet expansion.
• Describe the Truman doctrine and how
America reacted to it.
– A policy of helping countries resist
Communist takeover; strongly supported
by Americans.
The Cold War Heats Up
Main Idea
After World War II, China became a
communist nation and Korea was into
a communist north and a democratic
south.
Why it Matters Today
Ongoing tensions with China and North
Korea continue to involve the United
States
China Becomes a Communist
Country
• For two decades, Chinese communist
had struggled against the nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-shek.
• The U.S. had supported Chiang during
WWII.
• Chiang’s government undermined
Nationalist support.
• Mao Zedong gained support of
communism throughout the country.
Renewed Civil War
• As soon as the defeated Japanese left China
at the end of WW II, cooperation between
the Nationalists and the Communists
ceased.
• From 1944-1947, the U.S. played the
peacemaker while supporting the
Nationalists.
• May 1949- Chiang and others fled to the
Island of Taiwan or Formosa.
• China became a communist country, which
was called the People’s Republic of China.
• America Reacts to Communist Takeover
– Conservative Republicans blamed Truman for
only supplying limited aid.
So What Caused The Korean War?
1. President Truman was interested in the Far
East:
Hmmm…..I have an interest
in the Far East.
Domino Theory
Europe was not the only place where
Communists were coming to power. In the
Far East, too, they were getting powerful –
China turned Communist in 1949. Truman
believed that, if one country fell to
Communism, then others would follow, like a
line of dominoes. He was worried that, if
Korea fell, the Communists would capture
Japan.
Task: Using 6 words, describe the domino theory.
One
country
falls
others _______
will
follow
_______
_______ _______
_______
_______
General MacArthur says...
“Asia is where the communist
conspirators have decided to
make their play for global
conquest. If we lose this war,
the fall of Europe is inevitable.
There is no choice but victory.”
– The US General MacArthur,
speaking in 1950.
Question: Why does General MacArthur think Korea is
so important for the Americans?
Undermine Communism
In April 1950, the American National Security Council
issued a report (NSC 68) recommending that
America abandon 'containment' and start 'rolling
back' Communism.
Cold War
Truman realized the USA was in a competition for world
domination with the USSR. By supporting South Korea,
America was able to fight Communism without directly
attacking Russia.
2. Stalin was also involved in the Far East:
Hmmm..I too
have an
interest in the
Far East.
Kim II Sung Gets Support
In 1949, he persuaded Stalin that
he could conquer South Korea.
Stalin did not think that America
would dare to get involved, so he
gave his agreement. Stalin saw a
chance to continue the cold war
and discomfort America, but ‘at
arm’s length’ – without directly
confronting the Americans. Kim
II Sung also went to see Mao
Zedong, the leader of China, to
get his agreement.
Syngman Rhee Has A Big
Mouth
3. In 1950, Syngman Rhee boasted that he was going
to attack North Korea. It was a good enough excuse
– on June 25, 1950 the North Koreans invaded South
Korea.
Chairman Syngman Rhee
addresses the National
Assembly in 1948.
…and so began the Korean
War.
TASK: Before we continue on, you must rank the main
causes of the Korean War. Starting with #1 being the
most important cause, compile your list. Include a
brief explanation to support your choices.
The Events Of The War
Stage 1- June 25, 1950 North
Korea attacks the South and
captures the capital of Seoul.
The North Koreans attacked.
They were very successful. The
North Korean People's Army
(NKPA) easily defeated the
Republic of Korea's army (the
ROKs)
The Americans were alarmed
and they persuaded the United
Nations to support South Korea.
Out of the 300,000 UN troops,
260,000 were Americans
Stage 2-July, 1950 – North Korea pushes
the United Nations forces to the southeast
corner of the peninsula (Pusan)
Stage 3-September 15, 1950 – UN
Makes Daring Landing At Inchon
• The American army, led by
General MacArthur, went to
Korea. It landed at Pusan,
and made an amphibious
landing at Inchon (near
Seoul).
• It drove back the North
Koreans and recaptured
South Korea. 125,000 NKPA
prisoners were taken.
Stage 4-October 1, 1950 – South
Korean Troops Cross At The 38th
Parallel- Push to the Yalu River
• South Korean troops
cross the 38th Parallel
and enter North
Korea.
Task: Evaluate the UN decision
to cross into North Korea after
successfully recapturing South
Korea. List the potential
positives and negatives of this
action?
Ultimate Goal of this action: to unify Korea under a noncommunist government.
Map Interpretation
Based on this map,
why do you think
President Truman
warned MacArthur to
keep the UN forces
at least 40 miles from
the Yalu River?
Yalu River
October 26, 1950 – UN Forces
Reach Yalu River
• North Korea’s capital, Pyongyang, fell to UN troops
on October 20th.
• By October 26th, the first UN troops had reached the
Yalu River. – the border between China and North
Korea.
North Korean tank burning in
Pyongyang, October 19, 1950.
Stage 5-November 1950, Massive
Chinese Attack Across The Yalu
River
• Now the Chinese were
alarmed.
• 200,000 Chinese troops
('People's Volunteers')
attacked MacArthur. They had
modern weapons supplied by
Russia, and a fanatical hatred
of the Americans.
• In December, half a million
more Chinese troops entered
the war.
• They drove the Americans
back. They recaptured North
Korea, and advanced into
The Chinese troops were a unique enemy, without any
of the characteristics of a traditional American or
European army. There were no officer corps or ranks in
this "people's army." The soldiers addressed their
commanders as "Comrade Platoon Leader" or
"Comrade Company Commander" and were informed
in great detail of their tactical and strategic missions.
Stage 6-February – March 1951:
Stalemate
• The Americans landed
more troops. They used
bombers. The Chinese
admitted to losing 390,000
men dead - UN sources put
the figure at up a million
Chinese and half a million
North Koreans dead.
• The Americans drove the
Chinese back, but lost
54,000 American soldiers
doing so.
• MacArthur reached the 38th
parallel in March 1951.
Approximately 90% of the soldiers fighting in Korea
suffered from frostbite. In fact, much of the war was
fought in extreme cold as Siberian winds whipped across
the Asian peninsula.
March 1951 - President Harry
Truman vs. General Douglas
MacArthur
• MacArthur declares "There is no substitute for
victory." He wants to push further. He claimed that
the only way to bring about victory was by taking the
war to China.
• In a message to House Republican leader,
MacArthur expressed his frustration with the limited
war the U.S. was fighting against communists. He
publicly criticized Truman’s decisions.
Truman vs. MacArthur Continued
After months of heavy fighting, the center of the conflict was
returned to the 38th parallel, where it remained for the rest of the
war. MacArthur, however, wished to mount another invasion of
North Korea. MacArthur also pressed for permission to bomb
Chinese bases in Manchuria. Truman refused such permission.
When MacArthur persisted in publicly criticizing U.S. policy,
Truman, on the recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
removed him from command on April 11, 1951and installed
Gen. Matthew B. Ridgeway as commander in chief. Gen. James
Van Fleet then took command of the 8th Army. Ridgeway began
(July 10, 1951) truce negotiations with the North Koreans and
Chinese, while small unit actions, bitter but indecisive,
continued. General Van Fleet was denied permission to go on
the offensive and end the “meat grinder” war.
Who Was Right? – You
Decide
Should President Truman have relieved General
MacArthur? Who better understood the situation? Would
MacArthur's policies have ended the war in Korea
sooner, or would they have risked World War III?
Do you think President Truman was right or wrong in
dismissing Gen. MacArthur? Explain your answer.
"We've been using more of a roundish one"
President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas
MacArthur of his Far Eastern command for publicly
undercutting the president's Korean War policies,
and the general returned to Washington, where he
and Defense Secretary George Marshall provided
conflicting testimonies to congressional committees.
MacArthur continued to propose more aggressive
tactics against communist China. Marshall argued
that MacArthur's tactics would draw the United
States into a third world war.
July, 1951
Peace talks begin as both sides continue fighting.
July 27, 1953 – Truce Ends Korean
Fighting; 38th Parallel Is Truce Line
• In July 1953 an armistice, or truce, was agreed
upon.
• Korea was to remain divided at the 38th parallel.
• Tension still existed on either side of the
demilitarized zone (DMZ), a neutral area in which
no warfare could be waged.
Results of the Korean War
• It cost the United States 54,000 dead and 103,000 wounded.
• Total UN casualties reached about 400,000 dead or wounded.
• South Korea suffered close to a million civilian casualties, with
several million made homeless.
• Nearly 1½ million North Korean and Chinese soldiers were dead
or wounded.
With such high casualties, how could this possibly be
nicknamed “The Forgotten War?”
What Would Truman Have
Said?
1. The United States was being tested by the invasion
of South Korea.
2. We must stamp out the Communist government in
North Korea.
3. United Nations should push as far into North Korea
as it is necessary to win the war.
4. I will support whatever decision General MacArthur
makes about the conduct of the war.
5. I will do everything possible to win this war, even if it
means war with the Soviet Union.
6. United Nations forces should not get any closer than
40 miles from the Soviet and China borders.
QUESTIONS AND TASKS
1. Why do you think this conflict has the nickname “The
Forgotten War?”
2. With such high casualties, those who died should not be
forgotten. Create a new nickname for the Korean War.
3. Was the Korean War a success or a failure for the United
States? Explain your answer.
4. Regardless of your answer for question 3, write a letter to
justify the war to a mother whose son was killed in the
war?
The TV series M*A*S*H was set in the Korean
War. Because it was written at the time of the
Vietnam War, the program had a strong anti-war
message.
Silly putty was invented in 1950!
The Cold War Heats Up
Review
• What global events led to U.S.
involvement in Korea?
– Communist victory in China; North
Korea’s attack on South Korea
• What issue between General Douglas
MacArthur and President Truman
eventually cost MacArthur his job?
– Truman wanted limit the Korean War to
Korea. MacArthur wanted to bomb and
invade China.
Examine the Issues
• Do Americans with communist beliefs
pose a threat to the nation?
• What can individual citizens do to
protect the rights of all people?
• Should citizens speak out to preserve
the rights of others?
The Cold War at Home
Main Idea
During the late 1940’s and early 1950’s,
fear of communism led to reckless
charges against innocent citizens.
Why it Matters Today
Americans today remain vigilant about
unfounded accusations.
Fear of Communism
• In the early years of the Cold War, many Americans
believed that there was good reason to be
concerned about the security of the U.S.
• During WW II, there were about 80,000 Americans
that claimed membership in the Communist party.
Fear of
Communism
Loyalty Review
Board
House UN-American
Activities Comm.
McCarran Act
Investigate
Gov. employees
Communist influence
In the movie industry
1947- Hollywood Ten
“Blacklist”
Unlawful to establish a
Totalitarian gov. in the
U.S.
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
• Two spy cases added to fear that was spreading like
an epidemic across the country:
• Alger Hiss
– 1948- former Communist spy Whitaker Chambers accused
Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union.
– Hiss proclaims his innocence.
– Richard Nixon pursues the charges
• The Rosenbergs
– Soviets exploded an atomic bomb on Sept. 3, 1949
– 1950- German-born Klaus Fuchs admitted giving
information about atomic bomb to Soviets
– Ethel and Julius Rosenberg-American Communist Party
– Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death
McCarthy Launches His “Witch
Hunt”
• The most famous anti-Communist activist
was Senator Joseph McCarthy, a
Republican from Wisconsin.
McCarthyism
McCarthy’s
Tactics
Accusations
Of Communist in the
State Dept.
McCarthy’s
Downfall
Other Communist
Measures
1954-Accusations
against the U.S. Army
1953-39 states passed
laws
Making it illegal to
advocate
The overthrow of Gov.
“I have here in my hand---”
1. Who is the person in the cartoon?
2. What is the meaning of the term
“doctored photo”?
3. What is the main point of the cartoon?
The Cold War
Review
• What actions of Joseph McCarthy
worsened the national hysteria about
communism?
– McCarthy’s allegation of Communists in
government and in the armed forces.
• How did the Rosenberg case fuel anticommunist feelings?
– The Rosenberg case involved transfer of
nuclear secrets to the Soviets; Americans
feared any Soviet influence in the U.S.
and their possession of nuclear weapons.
Two Nations Live on the Edge
Main Idea
During the 1950’s, the U.S. and the
Soviet Union came to the brink of
nuclear war.
Why it Matter Today
The Cold War continued into the
following decades, affecting U.S.
policies in Cuba, Central America,
Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
• The nuclear arms race began during Truman’s
presidency.
• Soviets exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.
• Race for the H-Bomb
–
–
–
–
Hydrogen Bomb “H-Bomb”
67 times stronger than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima
U.S. vs. Soviet Union in a race
Nov. 1, 1952- U.S. wins, exploded the 1st H-Bomb
• Policy of Brinkmanship
– Dwight D. Eisenhower-President
– John Foster Dulles-Sec. of State
• Dulles wanted to use all force , including nuclear weapons,
against any aggressor
– Brinkmanship- a policy of all out war
• Army & Navy scaled down and the Air Force increased.
– Schoolchildren practiced air-raids procedures
– Families built fallout shelters
Improve your knowledge
• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead
which was expected to last at least 5
years. The rapid Russian development of
nuclear technology, helped by the work of
the “atom spies” was a shock.
Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
war against Japan at the beginning of
August 1945 and rushed to advance into
Asia to stake out a position for the postwar settlement. This helped make both the
Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more
likely.
The Cold War Spreads Around
the World
• As the nation shifted to a dependence on
nuclear arms, the Eisenhower administration
began to rely heavily on the recently formed
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for
information.
• Covert Actions in the Middle East & Latin
America
– 1951-Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran’s
oil fields
– Great Britain stopped buying Iranian oil
– 1953- CIA gave millions of $ to anti-Mossadegh
supporters.
– CIA supported the Shah of Iran
– 1954-Guatemala
Cold War Spreads Around the
World- cont’
Cold War
Warsaw Pact
1955
Geneva
1955
Suez War
1955
Linked Soviet Union
With 7 other countries
“Open Skies”
Flights over each other’s
territory
Soviet’s reject
Aswan Dam
Gamel Abdel-Nasser
GB, FR, & Israel
• The Eisenhower Doctrine
– Jan. 1957- U.S. would defend the Middle
East against an attack by any Communist
country.
• The Hungarian Uprising
– Hungarians revolted in 1956
– Imre Nagy-Communist leader promised
free elections
– Nov. 1956- Soviets send in troops
– Soviets overthrow Nagy and place Soviet
leaders in charge.
– U.S. did nothing to help Hungary
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
• Nikita Khrushchev
became the new
leader in the Soviet
Union upon Stalin’s
death in 1953.
• Khrushchev wanted
a peaceful
coexistence.
Renewed
Confrontation
U-2
Shot
Down
Francis Gary
Powers
The Space
Race
Sputnik
Oct 4, 1957
Military or Ideological
• Recommended information to be
researched:
– Date of Event
– Parties involved
– Significance to U.S. History
– 2-3 important details
– It is considered a Cold War event
because…..
Test Today! Cold War
Conflicts
• Place the following notes in order:
– Vocabulary 21
– Crossword
– Word Search
– Origins of Cold War/Promoting Principles of
Containment
– Cold War Heats Up
– The Marshall Plan
– Critical Thinking Skills Activity 21-Korean War
– The Cold War at Home
– Two Nations Live on the Edge
– Cold War Conflicts: Military or Ideological
Two Nations Live on the Edge
Review
• How did the U.S., including the CIA,
wage the Cold War in the 1950’s?
– By sponsoring covert actions to overthrow
governments unfriendly to the United
States.