Download Post-Cold War American Foreign Policy

Post-Cold War American
Foreign Policy
The Bush and
Clinton Years
What have been three
goals of American
foreign policy during the
post-Cold War era?
• Foreign aid
• Humanitarian aid
• Support for human rights
Has involvement in
conflicts in other areas of
the world been part of
American foreign policy
since 1988?
• YES
Who was president
when the
Cold War ended?
• George Herbert Walker
Bush
During the Cold War, what
were the six East European
communist satellites of the
Soviet Union?
• 1) East Germany
• 2) Poland
• 3) Hungary
• 4) Romania
• 5) Bulgaria
• 6) Czechoslovakia
To what defensive military
alliance did the six Soviet
satellites in Eastern
Europe belong?
• The Warsaw Pact
What the most important
symbol of the Cold War
division of Europe from
1961 until 1989?
• The Berlin Wall
What happened to the
Berlin Wall in 1989?
• German citizens tore
down the Berlin Wall.
Where did communist
governments collapse
during the presidency of
George H. W. Bush?
• Eastern Europe
• The Soviet Union
Into what two countries did
Czechoslovakia split after
the communists lost
control of the government?
• The Czech Republic
• Slovakia
What two beliefs did
Eastern Europe adopt after
the fall of communism?
• Democracy
• Free market capitalism
What European country
reunified in late 1990 under
a democratic government?
•Germany
What communist nation
broke up into fifteen
separate nations by the end
of 1991?
•The Soviet Union
What was the situation
in Yugoslavia in 1990,
during George H. W.
Bush’s presidency?
• Yugoslavia was
showing signs of
collapse.
What kind of government
did Yugoslavia have from
the end of World War II
until 1990?
• Communist
What did it mean for
Yugoslavia to be
non-aligned during
the Cold War?
• Was neutral
• Sided with neither the
United States nor the
Soviet Union
What defensive military
alliance did the United
States lead during the
Cold War?
• NATO
What defensive military
alliance did the Soviet Union
lead during the
Cold War?
• The Warsaw Pact
Where was Yugoslavia
located?
• Europe’s Balkan
Peninsula
What type of government
did Yugoslavia have after
World War II?
• Communist
What did four of the six
republics of Yugoslavia do
in 1991 and 1992?
• Declared their
independence from
Yugoslavia
What two republics
remained part of the
Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia?
• Serbia
• Montenegro
What three ethnic groups
lived in BosniaHerzegovina?
• Bosnians
• Serbs
• Croats
What was the religion of
the Bosnians?
• Muslims
What was the religion of
the Serbs?
• Eastern Orthodox
Christians
What was the religion of
the Croats?
• Roman Catholics
What ethnic group did not
want Bosnia-Herzegovina
to become independent
from Yugoslavia?
• The Serbs
What broke out in BosniaHerzegovina in 1992?
• Civil war between the
Serbs, Croats, and
Bosnians
What two American
presidents had to deal with
the civil war in Bosnia?
• George H. W. Bush
• Bill Clinton
When did the civil war in
Bosnia attract worldwide
attention?
• When it became known
that Serbian forces
were practicing “ethnic
cleansing” against
Bosnian Muslims and
Croats
What did Serbian troops do
to more than two million
Bosnian Muslims and
Croats?
• Took them from their
homes and put them into
refugee camps
What did the press report
about “ethnic cleansing”
in Bosnia?
• 1) Mass murders of
civilians
• 2) Massacres of Muslim
men and boys
• 3) Existence of
concentration camps
To what was the Serbian
“ethnic cleansing” of
Bosnian Muslims
compared?
• Nazi Germany’s attempted
genocide of European
Jews during World War II
What is genocide?
• The intentional
destruction of an entire
racial, religious, or
cultural group
Who else started killing
Muslims in Bosnia?
• Croats
What are atrocities?
• Acts of violence
Did either President Bush
or President Clinton
intervene directly in Bosnia
by sending American
ground troops there?
• No
How did Presidents Bush
and Clinton try to stop the
civil war in Bosnia?
• Tried to work through the
United Nations
• Tried to work through
NATO
When was a peace treaty
signed in Bosnia?
• 1995
What was the role of NATO
under the terms of the
peace treaty that ended the
civil war in Bosnia?
• NATO would enforce
peace in BosniaHerzegovina
How did NATO enforce peace
in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
• NATO sent a
peacekeeping force of
60,000 troops to the
Balkans, including 20,000
Americans.
Where else did the Serbianled government of Yugoslavia
attempt “ethnic cleansing”?
•Kosovo
Why did the Serbs undertake
“ethnic cleansing” in
Kosovo?
• Kosovo wanted
independence from
Yugoslavia.
What is the dominant
ethnic group in Kosovo?
•Albanian Muslims
What group in Kosovo did the
Serbs target for “ethnic
cleansing”?
•Albanian Muslims
How did the Clinton
administration respond to the
Serbs’ persecution of the
Albanian Muslims in Kosovo?
• Clinton worked
through NATO.
What action did NATO take to
stop the Serbs’ “ethnic
cleansing” of Albanian
Muslims in Kosovo?
• NATO bombed Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro).
What action did President
Clinton take in Kosovo?
• Sent American troops to
Kosovo as part of a NATO
peacekeeping force
Did NATO and United
States action in Kosovo
succeed?
•Yes
Did Kosovo gain its
independence from
Yugoslavia?
•Yes
What country invaded
Kuwait in 1990?
• Iraq
Who was the dictator of
Iraq?
• Saddam Hussein
What is the major source of
wealth in Kuwait?
• Oil
How did the United States
react to Iraq’s invasion of
Kuwait?
• President Bush said the
Iraqi invasion violated
Kuwait’s national
sovereignty
What did world leaders fear
Hussein might do as a result
of the invasion of Kuwait?
• Threaten Saudi Arabia
and its oil reserves
What action did the United
Nations Security Council
take regarding the Iraqi
invasion of Kuwait?
• Said the invasion was
wrong
• Imposed economic
sanctions or penalties on
Iraq
Why did some world
leaders fear Iraqi control
over Kuwait?
• Saddam Hussein might
control the world oil
market
What did President Bush
put together to oppose the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait?
• A coalition or alliance of
nations that were against
Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
What three major countries
supported the American-led
coalition that opposed the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait?
• Great Britain
• France
• The Soviet Union
What was the first phase of
Operation Desert Storm?
• A massive air assault
on Iraqi forces
occupying Kuwait
What was Operation Desert
Storm’s second phase?
• A ground attack on
Kuwait and Iraq
What was the result of
the coalition’s invasion
of Kuwait and Iraq?
• Iraqi resistance collapsed
• Coalition forces took
control of Kuwait’s capital
Kuwait City
• Iraqi troops retreated to
Iraq
What war ended in
February 1991?
• Persian Gulf War
What was the first war in
which American women
served in a combat role?
• Persian Gulf War
What were three results of
the Persian Gulf War?
• Saddam Hussein stayed in
power in Iraq
• American-led coalition
achieved its goal of
freeing Kuwait from Iraqi
rule
• Coalition restored self-rule
to Kuwait’s leaders
What was the trade policy
of Presidents George H. W.
Bush and Bill Clinton?
• Free trade
What does free trade
mean?
• The removal of tariff
barriers to trade with
other nations
Why did Presidents
Bush and Clinton want
to eliminate tariffs?
No Tariffs:
• Would increase trade
• Would lead to economic
growth in United States
• Would create new jobs for
Americans
What president
persuaded Congress to
pass NAFTA?
• Bill Clinton
For what does NAFTA
stand?
• North American Free
Trade Agreement
What was NAFTA and
what did it do?
• A trade agreement
between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico
• Reduced all trade tariffs
• Reduced most business
restrictions over the next
fifteen years
What effect did NAFTA have
on trade in North America?
• Created one market or
regional trading block,
larger than the European
community
What type of jobs did
NAFTA opponents fear
would be eliminated in the
United States if NAFTA
became law?
• Manufacturing jobs
What was the main
argument used against
NAFTA?
• Removal of tariffs on
Mexican imports would
cause many American
manufacturers to move
their factories to Mexico
Why did NAFTA opponents
believe American business
would move their factories
to Mexico?
• Mexican workers were
paid lower wages than
American workers
What were three foreign
policy successes of the
Clinton administration?
• Senate ratified the NAFTA
Treaty
• Restored full diplomatic
relations with communist
Vietnam
• Lifted economic sanctions
against South Africa, when
apartheid was ended
What did it mean for the
Clinton administration to
restore full diplomatic
relations with Vietnam?
• 1) United States
recognized the communist
government as the
legitimate or lawful
government of Vietnam
• 2) United States
exchanged ambassadors
with Vietnam
What country had a policy
of racial apartheid?
• South Africa
Define the term apartheid?
• South Africa’s brutal
system of racial
segregation and
discrimination against the
nation’s black majority
Why did South Africa
follow the policy of
apartheid?
• So that the small white
minority would rule the
country
Who was released from
prison in South Africa,
when the South African
government ended
apartheid?
• Nelson Mandela
What organization did
Nelson Mandela lead?
• The African National
Congress or ANC
What type of organization
was the ANC?
• An organization
committed to racial justice
and equal rights for black
South Africans
What group came to power
when apartheid ended in
South Africa?
• The black majority
When apartheid ended,
who became the new
leader of the South African
government?
• Nelson Mandela
What did the Clinton
administration lift, when
apartheid ended?
• Economic sanctions
against South Africa
What economic sanctions
did the United States place
against the Republic of
South Africa in 1986?
• Severe restrictions on
trade between the United
States and South Africa
What was the purpose of
the United States’
economic sanctions
against South Africa?
• To condemn apartheid
• To pressure the white
South African government
to repeal its racially
discriminatory laws