Download Effects of the Gulf War

Practice
Youtube Video
• http://www.youtube.com/user/jafalks#p/c/4
F9A6AFC9FE69521/1/bleWRYGg6f8
• Watch all five clips
• Flash multi-media presentation of the Gulf
War
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,42
3247,00.html
Effects of the Gulf War
Peace Treaty
• What is the nature of and key clauses of
Resolution 687
• Reducation, bias, TofV, Pro-Kuwait,
mission creep,
• Iraq military reduced (prevention)
• Border expanded and recognized
• Economic sanctions – WMD’s
• Limitation to independence
– Economy, no fly zones, compensation
Loss of Life
• 3,664 Iraqi civilians
• 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel
(estimates as high as 100,000)
• 75,000 Iraqi soldiers wounded
• United States: 148 deaths
• Allies 358 deaths
•
Project on Defense Alternatives study
Highway of Death
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhmXle
ZXAr0
Environmental Damage
Oil Spills
• An estimated 11 million barrels of oil were
intentionally released to the Arabian Gulf This is
twice as large as the previous world record for
an oil spill. More than 800 miles of Kuwait and
Saudi Arabian beaches were oiled and marine
wildlife was devastated.
Depleted Uranium Weapons
Uprisings
• Kurdish rebels in North
• Shi’a South
• Dissatisfaction, opportunity, and false
sense of support
• 2 Million refugees
• Safe Havens and no fly zones
Uprisings
• March 1991 Shiite and Kurdish uprisings
• Largest rebellion Karbala (March 5-19)
• US/Allied forces do not intervene (Video)
"Iraqi Uprising of 1991 in Karbala"
Migrant worker displacement
• Yemen
– voted against the UN resolution
– 40% of GDP - remittances
– Saudi and Kuwait expelled an estimated 800,000
workers.
– Other GCC countries expel additional 50,000
• Palestinians – Kuwait
– Saddam links Palestinians cause to invasion
– Yasser Arafat seen as support of Iraq
– Charges of collaboration by Palestinians living in
Kuwait
– Estimated 270,000 Palestinians deported
US Government Report:
KUWAIT HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER
FEBRUARY 28, 1991
• “Palestinians face official harassment and
deportation, some in possible violation of
international law”
• “reports of human rights violations in
Kuwait increased in the months
immediately following the withdrawal of
Iraqi forces”
US Government Report:
KUWAIT HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER
FEBRUARY 28, 1991
• Kuwait's pre-invasion population: “320,000
Palestinians…comprised the largest percentage
of the noncitizen population, although many had
actually been born in Kuwait or lived there for
decades.“
• “To the best of Kuwait's
ability, almost all of
these expatriates will
be driven out or refused
permission to return.”
US Government Report:
KUWAIT HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER
FEBRUARY 28, 1991
• “The country is still undergoing a ritual
cleansing, ridding itself of any but the most pliant
outsiders”
• “Palestinians are at the mercy of what is widely
regarded as a disorganized, inept and vindictive
Kuwaiti government”
• An example case cited in report: “(Name) was
born in Kuwait, and was recently stopped and
arrested at a Kuwaiti checkpoint with no reasons
given. He was asked to confess to collaboration,
severely beaten and held for 21 days. His father
had lived in Kuwait for 40 years.”
Economic effects on Saudi and
Kuwait
• Liquidation of foreign assets to pay for war
• Saudi – 55 Billion
• Kuwait – 150 Billion in war expenses and
rebuilding
UN sanctions
• Security Council: Resolution 661 (Pre-war)
and Resolution 687 (After War)
• war reparations, foreign debt, WMDs,
extended range ballistic missiles,
prohibiting any support for terrorism
Controversy
• US Policy: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998
• Effects of civilian population
• Food for Oil Programme
US Military Presence
The U.S. decided to permanently station bases around the Gulf after 1991.
Reasons: Enforce sanctions, no fly zone, protect the Golden Triangle (60% of
known reserves in area highlighted in yellow)
Palestine Peace Process
• US commitment to break deadlock
• Yasser Arafat – need to credibility and
authority
• Bush links US aid to Israel with settlement
issue.
• February 1992 – US stops 10 billion loan
guarantee
• June 1992 – Rabin and Labour form
government
Palestine Peace Process
• Public – Washington talks
• Secret – Oslo Talks
• September 1993 – Signing of Oslo
Accords
On-going military operations
• UN no fly zones
• Weapons inspections
On-going Military conflict
• Desert Fox (1998)
• Operation Southern
Focus (2002)
On-going Military conflict
• The Second Gulf War
(March 20, 2003)