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The War at Sea
-Colonist wanted to end the British
Blockade
-Colonist had a very small but determined
Navy
-John Paul Jones“I have not yet begun to fight”
See page 189-American Profile
(can you tell the full story?)
John Paul Jones
• John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones
Women In the War
• Handy Betsy-Blacksmith
• Betsy Hager (1750-1843)
Deborah Sampson
• Disguised as a man, Deborah Sampson
served as a soldier in the Continental
army during the American Revolutionary
War (1775–83)
• later gave speeches about her time in the
military. She established a public presence
for women that went far beyond the
normal cultural limits of her time.
Mary Ludwig Hays
• Molly Pitcher, born Mary Ludwig, was a
true Revolutionary war hero. She received
the nickname Molly Pitcher for delivering
water to soldiers.
Betsy Ross
• Myth
Betsy Ross is widely believed to have
made the first American flag. Widowed
three times,
she had seven daughters, lived
through the American Revolution, and
for sixty-two years ran her own small
business.
Women in the War
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-helped make weapons
Raised Supplies
Organized Boycotts
Women's lives began to change with the
American Revolution. Every war means more
women taking charge during the absence and
after the deaths of husbands and fathers. After
the war, talk of rights raised issues of women's
rights and education.
• See text 190 –activity
African Americans in the War
• Hoped to gain
freedom
• “all men created
equal”
• All black regiments
Terms
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Neutral
Blockade
Strategy
Circumstance
Deficiencies
Tories(loyalist)
Obtaining
• See page 189
B. Arnold
• Traitor or hero? Benedict Arnold
• Benedict Arnold's name is associated
most with the word "traitor," however, he
was a brilliant, victorious leader during the
early years of the War for American
Iindependence.
Arnold
• Arnold oversaw the construction of the gunboats on Lake Champlain
and commanded the fleet that stalled the British advance on the
colonies in October 1776.
• Some argue that Arnold's brilliance on the lake saved the colonies
from an early loss to the stronger British forces.
• Arnold then went on to play a pivotal role at the Battle of Saratoga in
New York
• Arnold took charge of three army regiments and ultimately forced a
British surrender.
• This victory convinced the French that the American cause was not
lost and they threw support to the Americans.
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In 1780, Arnold conspired with the British to reveal secret defenses at West
Point, NY, which proved unsuccessful.
Swamp Fox
• Francis Marion----Hit and Run
• Due to his irregular methods of warfare, he
is considered one of the fathers of modern
guerrilla warfare
• Marion rarely committed his men to frontal
warfare, but repeatedly surprised larger
bodies of Loyalists or British regulars with
quick surprise attacks and equally quick
withdrawal from the field
During the first three years of
the American Revolutionary
War, the primary military
encounters were in the north
• N. Greene summed up the American
battles in a motto that would become
famous: "We fight, get beat, rise, and fight
again."
Southern theater
• Cornwallis‘(Br.) victories quickly turned,
however.
• Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, North
Carolina for resupply and reinforcement,
after which he moved north into Virginia.
The northern, southern, and naval theaters of the
war converged in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia.
Cornwallis, having been ordered to occupy a fortified
position that could be resupplied (and evacuated, if
necessary) by sea, had settled in Yorktown, on the
York River, which was navigable by sea-going
vessels.
The northern, southern, and naval theaters of the war converged in 1781
at Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis, having been ordered to occupy a fortified
position that could be resupplied (and evacuated, if necessary) by sea, had
settled in Yorktown, on the York River, which was navigable by sea-going
vessels.
-the war now moves south,Cornwallis low on supplies moves to Yorktown
In order to get fresh supplies-however the French Navy will drive off
The supply ships that came down from NY
-Cornwallis will hold out for three weeks. The French naval forces defeated
a British fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake, cutting off Cornwallis'
escape.
When Washington arrived outside Yorktown, the
combined French-American force of 18,900 men
began besieging Cornwallis in early October. For
several days, the French and Americans
bombarded the British defenses, and then began
taking the outer positions. Cornwallis decided his
position was becoming impossible, and he
surrendered his entire army of over 8,000 men on
October 19, 1781
The British spent about £80 million and ended with a
national debt of £250 million, which it easily financed at
about £9.5 million a year in interest.
The French spent 1.3 billion livres (about £56 million). Their
total national debt was £187 million, which they could not
easily finance; over half the French national revenue went
to debt service in the 1780s. The debt crisis became a
major enabling factor of the French Revolution as the
government could not raise taxes without public
approval.[115]
The United States spent $37 million at the national level
plus $114 million by the states. This was mostly covered by
loans from France and the Netherlands,
Treaty of Paris
Signing of the Treaty of Paris
When the British heard of the surrender at Yorktown, the House of Commons
was in an uproar. They now were concerned of losing the war. The British
prime minister North resigned and was replace by Lord Shelborne. Lord
Shelborne wanted to negotiate an end to the war. He sent Richard Oswald to
Paris to meet with the American representatives Benjamin Franklin, John
Adams and John Jay.
The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1782. The treaty was ratified
on April 17, 1783, and it officially recognized American independence.
Terms of the Treaty
Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the independent nation of the
United States of America. Britain agreed to remove all of its troops from
America. The treaty also set new borders for the United States including all
land from the Great Lakes on the north to Florida on the south, and from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. The United States agreed to allow
British troops still in America to leave. America agreed to pay all existing debts
owed to Britain. They also agreed not to persecute loyalists still in America, and
allow those that left America to return.