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7.3 THE PATH TO VICTORY Savannah and Charles Town •British believed that most Southerners were Loyalists •December 1778, the British captured the port of Savannah, Georgia •They trapped American forces in Charles Town •The city’s 5000 defenders surrendered •Worst American defeat of the war Defeat at Camden •Congress assigned General Horatio Gatesthe victor at Saratogato form a new Southern army •August 18, 1779 Gates’ army ran into British troops outside Camden •Gates put the inexperienced militia along part of the frontline instead of behind the veterans The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting •Francis Marion, also known as “Swamp Fox” •Fighting from a base in the swamps, Marion’s men cut the British supply line that led inland and north from Charles Town •Marion used methods guerrilla fighting. The Tide Turns •After Gates' defeat at Camden, Washington put a new general, Nathanael Greene, in charge of the Southern Army •The American forces let the British chase them around the countryside and wear themselves out •As the fighting dragged on into its sixth year, opposition to the war grew in Britain The End of the War • In 1781, the British general Cornwallis set up his base at Yorktown • In August 1781, a large French fleet arrived from the West Indies and blocked Chesapeake Bay • Prevented the British from receiving supplies and from escaping • Also allowed Washington to come from the North and trap Cornwallis on the peninsula Battle of Yorktown •American and French troops bombarded Yorktown with cannon fire •Cornwallis had no way out •On October 19th, 1781, he surrendered his force of about 8000 •Although some fighting continued, Yorktown was the last major battle of the war 7.4 THE LEGACY OF THE WAR Why the Americans Won • Better Leadership • British-overconfident, poor decisions • Foreign Aid • Britain’s rivals helped America (France) • Knowledge of the Land • Americans knew the land and used that knowledge well • Motivation • Lives, property and liberty were at stake. Treaty of Paris of 1783 • The United States was independent • Its boundaries- Mississippi River on the west, Canada on the north, and Spanish Florida on the south • Each side would repay debts it owed to others • The British would return captives. • Congress would recommend that the states return any property they had seized from loyalists Costs of the War • Americans • 25,700 died • 1,400 remained missing • 8,200 wounded • British- about 10,000 military deaths • Between 60,000 and 100,000 Loyalists left the United States Issues After the War •A change in ideas about government •Republicanism- this idea stated that instead of a king, the people would rule •Conflict between slavery and the ideal of liberty