Download TAKS Remediation Lesson #1

Supporting standards comprise
35% of the U. S. History Test
15 (C)
Supporting Standard (15)
The student understands domestic & foreign issues
related to U. S. economic growth from the 1870s to
1920.
The Student is expected to:
(C) Explain how foreign policies affected
economic issues such as the Chinese Exclusion
Act of 1882, the Open Door Policy, Dollar
Diplomacy, & immigration quotas
Supporting Standard (15)
The student understands domestic & foreign issues
related to U. S. economic growth from the 1870s to
1920.
The Student is expected to:
(C) 1 Explain how foreign policies affected
economic issues such as the Chinese Exclusion
Act of 1882
American
Sinophobia:
The Chinese Exclusion
Act was a U. S. federal
law signed by
President Chester A.
Arthur on May 6,
1882. It was one of the
most significant
restrictions on free
immigration in US
history, prohibiting all
immigration of
Chinese laborers.
The first significant Chinese
immigration to America began with
the California Gold Rush of 18481855 and continued with subsequent
large labor projects, such as the
building of the First Transcontinental
Railroad.
During the early stages of the gold rush, when surface gold
was plentiful, the Chinese were tolerated, if not well
received. As gold became harder to find and competition
increased, animosity toward the Chinese and other
foreigners
increased.
After being forcibly driven from the
“Chop sticks
; Cheap labor,”
July 6,most
1870,Chinese
from Harper's
mines,
settled in enclaves in cities, mainly
weekly
: a journal and
of civilization
San
Francisco,
took up low end wage labor such as
restaurant and laundry work. Chinese laborers were
willing to work for lower wages than their European
counterparts.
Bernhard
Gillam(1856-1896),
1882 from Puck.
For the first time,
Federal law
proscribed entry
of an ethnic
working group on
the premise that
it endangered the
good order of
certain localities.
Very few Chinese
could enter the
country under
the 1882 law.
After the Act’s passage, Chinese
men in the U.S. had little chance of
ever reuniting with their wives, or
of starting families in their new
homes.
x
The Act also affected Asians who had
already settled in the United States. Any
Chinese who left the United States had to
obtain certifications for reentry, and the Act
made Chinese immigrants permanent aliens
by excluding them from U.S. citizenship.
Limited immigration from
China continued until the
repeal of the Chinese
Exclusion Act sixty years later.
The act was initially intended to last
for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892
and made permanent in 1902. It was
finally repealed by the Magnuson Act
on December 17, 1943.
One of the critics of the Chinese Exclusion Act
was the anti-slavery/anti-imperialist
Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar of
Massachusetts who described the Act as
“nothing less than the legalization of racial
discrimination.”
x
The Chinese Exclusion Act was
the first time that the United
States passed a law to bar a
specific race or ethnicity from
entering the country.
Supporting Standard (15)
The student understands domestic & foreign issues
related to U. S. economic growth from the 1870s to
1920.
The Student is expected to:
(C) 2 Explain how foreign policies affected
economic issues such as the Open Door Policy
Open Door Notes
These notes from Secretary of
State John Hay (left) asked
that no power would prevent
others from trading within
their sphere of influence or
otherwise discriminate against
another imperial power.
In September 6, 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John
Hay sent notes to the major powers (France,
Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking
them to declare formally that they would uphold
Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and
would not interfere with the free use of the treaty
ports within their spheres of influence in China.
The Open Door Policy stated that all nations,
including the United States, could enjoy equal
access to the Chinese market.
The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs,
initially used to refer to the United States policy in late
19th century and early 20th century that would grant
multiple international powers equal access to China, but
none of them were in total control of the country.
The “Open Door” was a principle, not a policy formally
adopted into a treaty or international law. It was invoked
or alluded to but never enforced as such.
The policy was originally aimed to safeguard Chinese
sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition, but in
fact, was mainly used to mediate competing interests of
the colonial powers without much meaningful input from
the Chinese, thus creating lingering resentment and has
been seen as a symbol of national humiliation by many
Chinese historians.
Nations with Spheres of Influence in
China by 1914
•
•
•
•
•
Britain
France
Japan
Germany
Russia
After winning the Spanish
American War of 1898, with
the newly acquired colony the
Philippine Islands, the United
States increased its Asian
presence and was expecting to
further its commercial and
political interest in China. It
felt threatened by other
powers’ much larger spheres
of influence in China and
worried that it may lose access
to the Chinese market should
the country be partitioned.
The U.S. wanted
two things:
Equal
commercial
opportunity
Respect for
Chinese
independence
The relatively transparent purpose of the Open Door
Notes sent by Secretary of State Hay was to keep China
independent and open to trade from all nations. As the
cartoon above suggests, U.S. policy also sought to
preserve at least a modicum of Chinese sovereignty.
Does the Constitution Follow the
Flag?
Do the inhabitants of U.S. colonies
have the same rights as American
citizens? Ironically, in general
principle, this was the very question
asked by the Founding Fathers when
they were denied their demand of
“No taxation without
representation.”
The Secretary of War wryly noted, “as near
as I can make out the Constitution does
follow the flag—but doesn’t quite catch up
with it.”
Boxer Rebellion
In June 1900, a
secret Chinese
society (Boxers)
rose to expel
foreigners in
China. They
killed over 200
Europeans and
attacked Peking
buildings owned
by foreign
governments.
The Boxer
Rebellion
was the
first real
test of the
Open
Door
Notes.
The rising lasted for 2 months before a joint
European and American military force arrived
in Beijing to relieve those who had taken refuge
in the British compound.
“China never wanted
foreigners any more than
foreigners wanted
Chinamen, and on this
question I am with the
Boxers every time. The
Boxer is a patriot. He
loves his country better
than he does the countries
of other people. I wish
him success. The Boxer
believes in driving us out
of his country. I am a
Boxer too, for I believe in
driving him out of our
country.”
Impacts on American Foreign Policy
Into the 20th Century
• McKinley, riding a wave of patriotism generated
from success in the war, successfully defends
against William Jennings Byran’s anti-imperialist
campaign in the election of 1900
• The U.S. has become an imperial power and, with
that turn of events, assumes the role of instructor
of the peoples now newly under American rule
• It now dealt on equal terms with Europe
• It dominated the Western Hemisphere
• It was a major power in Asia
Supporting Standard (15)
The student understands domestic & foreign issues
related to U. S. economic growth from the 1870s to
1920.
The Student is expected to:
(C) 3 Explain how foreign policies affected
economic issues such as Dollar Diplomacy
William Howard
Taft
In 1908, T.R. selected his
vice-president, Taft
(left), to replace him.
Not only were Taft and
Roosevelt good friends.
TR perceived Taft as an
extension of himself—a
man who would
perpetuate Rooseveltian
policy without
interruption.
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”
Dollar Diplomacy is the effort of the U. S.—particularly
over President William Howard Taft—to further its aims
in Latin America and East Asia through use of its
economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign
countries. The term was originally coined by President
Theodore Roosevelt.
The United States felt obligated, through the Dollar
Diplomacy, to uphold economic and political stability.
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy not only allowed the United
States to gain financially from countries, but also resisted
other foreign countries from reaping any sort of financial
gain.
While Taft’s
domestic
conservative
policies led to an
estrangement with
TR, his foreign
policy, like his
predecessor’s, was
interventionist.
Big Stick vs. Dollars
GOALS OF
DOLLAR
DIPLOMACY
President Taft’s policy of substituting dollars for bullets
(i.e., TR’s “Big Stick” policy). He argued that American
investment abroad would help stabilize troubled regions
while simultaneously turning a profit. As such, Taft
encouraged business ventures abroad when they advanced
U.S. interests.
• bring stability to troubled regions
• increase American power and profit
without the use of force
Historian Thomas A. Bailey argues that
Dollar Diplomacy was nothing new, as the use
of diplomacy to promote commercial interest
dates from the early years of the Republic.
However under Taft the State Department
was more active than ever in encouraging and
supporting American bankers and
industrialists in securing new opportunities
abroad. Bailey finds that Dollar Diplomacy
was designed to make both people in foreign
lands and the American investors prosper.
Latin Americans tend to use the term “Dollar
Diplomacy” disparagingly to show their
disapproval of the role that the U.S.
government & U.S. corporations have played
in using economic, diplomatic and military
power to open up foreign markets.
The outgoing President Roosevelt laid the foundation for
this approach in 1904 with his Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine (under which U. S. Marines were
frequently sent to Central America) maintaining that if any
nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared politically and
financially so unstable as to be vulnerable to European
control, the United States had the right and obligation to
intervene.
As the cartoon above
suggests, Nicaragua was
the site of “exploding
foreign policy volcanoes.”
In 1911, Taft helped
Nicaragua obtain a large sum
in the form of a loan. In
exchange, the U.S. received
control of Nicaragua’s
National Bank. When
Nicaraguans revolted against
the agreement, Taft
dispatched a detachment of
Marines to stabilize the
situation. Those soldiers
remained
in Nicaragua,
off
In
spite of various
successes,
and on,
into the 1930s.
“dollar
diplomacy”
failed to
Moreover,economic
From 1906-1909,
counteract
instability
U.S. in
andthe
theUnited
tide ofStates
revolution
intervened
in Cuba
places
like Mexico,
theregularly
Dominican
Republic, Nicaragua, and China.
Taft continued and expanded
the policy, starting in Central
America, where he justified it as
a means of protecting the
Panama Canal. In March 1909,
he attempted unsuccessfully to
establish control over Honduras
by buying up its debt to British
bankers.
From 1909 to 1913, President William
Howard Taft and Secretary of State
Philander C. Knox followed a foreign
policy characterized as “dollar
diplomacy.” Taft shared the view held
by Knox (a corporate lawyer who had
founded the giant conglomerate U.S.
Steel) that the goal of diplomacy
should be to create stability abroad,
and through this stability promote
American commercial interests.
Supporting Standard (15)
The student understands domestic & foreign issues
related to U. S. economic growth from the 1870s to
1920.
The Student is expected to:
(C) 4 Explain how foreign policies affected
economic issues such as immigration quotas
Background From Readiness
Standard (3)
The student understands the political, economic, &
social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(C) 4 Social issues affecting immigrants
The growth of urban slums
accompanied the rapidly
expanding urbanization process. .
. and the working class filled this
particular feature of growing
American cities.
Immigration to America
Waves of
immigration
poured into the
U.S. in the late19th century. While
this was not new,
the origin of these
immigrants—
Southern and
Eastern Europe—
was indeed new.
Italian wave in 1887 to escape cholera epidemic—Italians
constituted the largest number of new immigrants
Arrival of Russian Jews
Tsarist persecution in Russia and Russian
controlled Poland—Jews were the second
largest number of new immigrants
The assassination
of Tsar Alexander
II (1818-1881.
below) triggered a
wave of
persecutions
against Jews in
Russia.
While immigration to American had
long been from Europe, until this
juncture, about 85% had come from the
Northwestern European countries—the
British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia
Immigration now came mainly from
Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary,
Poland, and Russia
Motives for Coming
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
to escape poverty
to escape drought
to escape disease
to escape religious persecution
to escape political persecution
to find a better life
to find employment
Immigrant Profile
• Between 1877-1890 there were 6.3 million
immigrants into the U.S.
• By 1890, about 15% of the population—9
million—were foreign born
• Most were between ages 15-40
• Most settled on the eastern seaboard, especially in
the industrial cities and port towns of the
northeast
• Most were poor, unskilled, settled in ethnic
communities of their national origin
• Most resisted assimilation
Evolving Immigrant Stereotype
Backlash to Immigration
• Anti-Catholicism
and Anti-Semitism
rose
• Many wondered
whether these
immigrants would
become a challenge
to traditional
American values
Immigration Patterns
Immigration Patterns
The decline in
numbers reflects the
quotas set through
immigration acts to
limit the number of
foreigners entering
the U. S.
Immigration Patterns
Immigration Acts
from 1882 through
1918
The Immigration Act of 1882
BACKGROUND: The Chinese Exclusion Act of
1882 halted all legal immigration of Chinese
laborers and is considered by many to be the first
major exclusionary immigration restriction on an
entire nationality enacted by the United States. The
act sprang from simple prejudice and the public
perception of these immigrants’ inability to
assimilate into American culture.
While the Immigration Act of 1882 shared the principle of
immigration restriction with these two aforementioned acts, it was
different in a fundamental way. Unlike the Chinese Exclusion act,
the Immigration Act of 1882 would not limit all immigration from a
certain country or region. Certain European immigrants were
considered extremely desirable, so to limit by region would deny
desirable immigrants as well. Instead, to limit immigration based on
excluding certain kinds of people who were deemed “undesirable,”
there needed to be a piece of legislation capable of adhering to a
more comprehensive, exclusionary approach that would be
administered through a federal government agency with federal
policy.
On August 3, 1882, the forty-seventh United States Congress passed
the Immigration Act of 1882. It is considered by many to be “first
general immigration law” due to the fact that it created the
guidelines of exclusion through the creation of “a new category of
inadmissible aliens.”
There were two main components of the Immigration Act of 1882.
The first was to create a “head tax” that would be imposed upon
certain immigrants entering the country. The Act states that “There
shall be levied, collected and paid a duty of fifty cents for each and
every passenger not a citizen of the United States who shall come by
steam or sail vessel from a foreign port to any port within the United
States.” This money would be paid into the United States Treasury
and “shall constitute a fund called the immigration fund.” These
funds would be used to “defray the expense of regulating
immigration under this act.”
The Immigration Act of 1882 was the beginning of the “contours of
federal oversight” in immigration policy administration. In addition
to the head tax, the Act also stipulated the responsibility of
government agents to inspect ports and vessels bringing immigrants
into the country.
This then lead to the second historically significant component of the
Act. Upon inquiry of the vessels transporting immigrants,
immigration officials were given the authority to expel certain
immigrants based on criteria laid out within the Act. The legislation
dictated that “If on such examination there shall be found among
such passengers any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to
take care of him or herself without becoming a public charge, they
shall report the same in writing to the collector of such port, and
such person shall not be permitted to land.” Furthermore, if a
criminal was found to be on board, it was the fiscal responsibility of
the ship that brought the immigrant there to take them back out of
the United States. The criminal provision of the act did not include
immigrants who were “convicted of political offenses, reflecting the
traditional American belief that the United States is a haven for
those persecuted by foreign tyrants.
The Immigration Act of 1882 was the first piece of immigration regulation
to contain this kind of comprehensive subjective restriction, and it would
continue on into contemporary conversations and debates regarding
immigration.
Immigration Acts
from 1882 through
1918
The Immigration Act of 1903
The Immigration Act of 1903, also called the
Anarchist Exclusion Act, was a law of the U. S.
regulating immigration. It codified previous
immigration law, and added four inadmissible
classes: anarchists, people with epilepsy, beggars,
and importers of prostitutes. It had little impact
and its provisions related to anarchists were
expanded in the Immigration Act of 1918.
Anarchism came to public attention in the United States in
Chicago with the Haymarket Affair of 1886. On Sep. 6,
1901, Leon F. Czolgosz, an American-born son of Polish
immigrants and a self-proclaimed anarchist, assassinated
President McKinley.
Theodore Roosevelt urged the exclusion and deportation of
anarchist immigrants in his first address to Congress on
December 3, 1901: “I earnestly recommend to the Congress
that in the exercise of its wise discretion it should take into
consideration the coming to this country of anarchists or
persons professing principles hostile to all government. . . .They
and those like them should be kept out of this country; and if
found here they should be promptly deported to the country
whence they came.”
This was the
first legislation
in the U.S.
since the Alien
& Sedition Acts
of 1798 that
called for
questioning
potential
immigrants
about their
political beliefs.
Immigration Acts
from 1882 through
1918
The Immigration Act of 1907
The Immigration Act of 1907 was a piece of federal U. S.
immigration legislation passed on February 20, 1907 by the
59th Congress and signed into law by President Roosevelt.
The Act was part of a series of reforms aimed at restricting
the increasing number and groups of immigrants coming
into the U.S. before and after World War I. The law
introduced and reformed a number of restrictions on
immigrants who could be admitted into the United States,
most notably ones regarding disability and disease.
The same year that the Immigration Act of 1907 was
passed, Japan and United States entered into a
“Gentlemen’s Agreement” in which the United States
would not restrict Japanese immigration and the
Japanese would not allow emigration. This period
before the act was passed signaled that the United
States government was interested in restricting those
types of immigrants that would be viewed as
undesirable. These sorts of policies signaled an
increasing centralized policy for United States
immigration that lead to further legislation being
enacted in a more comprehensive manner in 1907.
Immigration Acts
from 1882 through
1918
The Immigration Act of 1917
On February 5, 1917, the U. S. Congress passed the
Immigration Act of 1917 (also known as the Asiatic Barred
Zone Act) with an overwhelming majority, overriding President
Wilson’s December 14, 1916, veto. This act added to the number
of undesirables banned from entering the country, including but
A literacy test in was established 1917 to prevent
not limited to
“homosexuals,”
“idiots,”
illiterates
from coming in
the U.S. If“feeble-minded
the
could not
pass the literacy
tests that
persons,”immigrants
“criminals,”
“epileptics,”
“insane
persons,”
being given tobeggars,”
them, they were
allowed“mentally or
“alcoholics,”were
“professional
all not
persons
to enter the U.S. This is an illustration describing
physically defective,”
& anarchists.
how the testpolygamists,”
is a barrier for immigrants
to enterFurthermore,
it barred all immigrants
over the
age of sixteen who were
the United
States.
illiterate.
The most controversial part of the law was the
section that designated an “Asiatic Barred Zone,” a
region that included much of Asia & the Pacific
Islands from which people could not immigrate.
Previously, only the Chinese had been excluded
from admission to the country.
The Immigration Act of 1917 is one of many
immigration acts during this time period which
arose from nativist and xenophobic sentiment.
These immigration laws were intentional efforts to
control the composition of immigrant flow into the
United States.
Immigration Acts
from 1882 through
1918
The Immigration Act of 1918
The United States Immigration Act of 1918 was enacted on
October 16, 1918. It is also known as the DillinghamHardwick Act. Working together, officials at the
Department of Justice and the Bureau of Immigration
drafted legislation designed to remedy the defects in
current legislation by defining anarchism broadly enough
to cover all forms activity related to its advocacy, including
membership in or affiliation with any organization or
group that advocated opposition to all forms of organized
government.
Fini