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CHAPTER
22
A New Deal for America
The Great Depression, 1929–1940
Visions
America,AAHistory
History of
1 Visions
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A New Deal for America
THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1929-1940
What emotions does Walker Evans’s portrait
of the “forgotten man” arouse?
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A New Deal for America
THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1929–1940
I. The Early Days of the Depression
II. A New President and a New Deal
III. Recovering from the Depression
IV. A New Deal for Farmers
V. Reforms to Ensure Social Justice
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The Early Days of the Depression
A. Herbert Hoover
B. Economic Weaknesses in a Time of
Prosperity
C. The Stock Market Crash of 1929
D. Hoover’s Response to the Depression
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Herbert Hoover
What qualities made Hoover a popular
president when he was first elected?
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Economic Weaknesses in a
Time of Prosperity
What were the causes of the Great
Depression?
Why did farmers fail to prosper in the
1920s?
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The Stock Market Crash of 1929
What factors led to the stock market crash in
1929?
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The Stock Market Crash of 1929
Stock Market Crash of 1929 – A ten-day
period beginning on October 20, 1929, when
the value of stocks plummeted as panicked
investors sold off their stock in droves. This
moment is usually considered the official
start of the Depression.
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Hoover’s Response to the Depression
How did Hoover respond to the initial
economic crisis?
What innovative solutions did Hoover
propose as the economic crisis continued?
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Hoover’s Response to the Depression
Great Depression – The most devastating
and longest economic crisis in American
history; lasted from 1929 to 1939
Bonus March – A two-month-long
demonstration by forty thousand
impoverished World War I veterans in
Washington, D.C. that ended violently when
the army expelled the protesters
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Choices and Consequences
EVICTING THE BONUS MARCHERS
• Many veterans had little food or money
• Demanded early payment of $500 bonus
• Set up “Hoovervilles” and protested
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Choices and Consequences
EVICTING THE BONUS MARCHERS
Choices regarding Bonus Marchers
Pay the bonus
immediately
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Use force to
suppress it
Reject claim, treat
veterans as
harmless citizens
Choices and Consequences
EVICTING THE BONUS MARCHERS
Decision and
Consequences
• Hoover chose to evict
the veterans
• Many were injured and
several killed
• Many Americans turned
against Hoover
Why was Hoover’s choice to evict the bonus
marchers significant?
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Choices and Consequences
EVICTING THE BONUS MARCHERS
Continuing Controversies
• Was the government right to use force to
evict the Bonus Marchers?
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A New President and a New Deal
A. FDR: The Politician
B. Managing Appearances
C. The Temper of the Poor: Passivity and
Anger
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FDR: The Politician
How did the competing social philosophies
of Hoover and FDR differ?
What role did Eleanor Roosevelt play during
her husband’s administration?
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FDR: The Politician
New Deal – An avalanche of legislation from
1933 to 1938 intended to promote economic
recovery, reform American capitalism, and
offer security to ordinary Americans
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Managing Appearances
How and why did FDR manage his political
image?
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The Temper of the Poor:
Passivity and Anger
What groups of people did the New Deal
help? What new role did the New Deal
establish for the federal government in their
lives?
What competing responses did the poor
offer to the ongoing Depression?
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Revamping Banking and
Financial Institutions
How did FDR reform the nation’s banking
and financial institutions?
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Recovering from the Depression
A. Revamping Banking and Financial
Institutions
B. Father Charles Coughlin
C. Helping Industry and People
D. Putting People to Work
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Father Charles Coughlin
What conflicting visions prompted the right
and the left to criticize the New Deal?
Why did New Deal banking reforms and
relief programs generate criticism?
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Helping Industry and People
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Putting People to Work
Who benefited from the wide range of New
Deal work-relief programs?
What competing visions arose over New
Deal work-relief programs?
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A New Deal for Farmers
A. Handling the Farm Crisis
B. Hitting the Road
C. Repatriating Mexican Immigrants
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Handling the Farm Crisis
How did the government publicize the plight
of farmers and Dust Bowl refugees in the
thirties? Why did these images become an
enduring symbol of Depression-era
suffering?
How did FDR tackle the problems of rural
America?
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Handling the Farm Crisis
Dust Bowl – Drought and soil erosion that
caused massive dust storms across
southern and plains states throughout the
thirties
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Hitting the Road
How did displaced farmers act to improve
their own lives?
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Hitting the Road
“Migrant Mother” – Dorothea Lange’s 1936
photograph of a destitute woman, which
became an iconic portrait of Depression-era
suffering
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Repatriating Mexican Immigrants
What happened to Mexican immigrants
during the Depression?
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Images as History
“MIGRANT MOTHER,” AN AMERICAN ICON
• What was the purpose and impact of Dorothea
Lange’s migrant farmer photographs?
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Images as History
“MIGRANT MOTHER,” AN AMERICAN ICON
Subsequent
photos focused on
despair of family
rather than general
poverty and
framed the image
to avoid
troublesome
questions.
Father not in sight:
Looking for work
or abandoned
family?
Presence of older
daughter: Why is
she not working?
Open luggage
could suggest lack
of discipline.
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Images as History
“MIGRANT MOTHER,” AN AMERICAN ICON
Government photographers depicted
migrants as heroic victims and never
showed them smiling, angry, or
responsible for their misery.
As adults, the daughters depicted in
these images believed they
underscored the importance of
individual initiative, to make sure they
“never had to live like that again.”
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Reforms to Ensure Social Justice
A. The Challenge from Huey Long: “Share
Our Wealth”
B. Social Security
C. Supporting Unions
D. The Resurgence of Labor
E. A New Deal for African Americans
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The Challenge from Huey Long:
“Share Our Wealth”
How did critics from the left shape the social
justice programs of FDR’s second
administration?
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The Challenge from Huey Long:
“Share Our Wealth”
“Share Our Wealth” – Louisiana Senator
Huey Long’s plan that would redistribute
money from the rich to the poor
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Social Security
Who was considered part of the “deserving
poor” in the new Social Security system?
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Social Security
“Deserving Poor” – Needy Americans who
were legitimately entitled to public support, a
category open to differing interpretations
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Competing Visions
SHARING THE WEALTH
Senator Huey Long
outlined proposal to
redistribute wealth.
In letter to Eleanor
Roosevelt, an Indiana
woman protested that
government-distributed
relief robs honest men
to help “good-fornothing” loafers.
What competing images of the poor do Long and
this Indiana woman offer?
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Supporting Unions
What factors account for labor protests in
the thirties, a time when one might expect
workers to be grateful for any job on any
terms?
How did government support of unions
change during the 1930s?
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The Resurgence of Labor
Why were the CIO’s innovative organizing
and strike tactics effective?
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The Resurgence of Labor
American Federation of Labor (AFL) – A
craft-based organization that accepted only
skilled workers, like carpenters or cigar
makers, who practiced a trade
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
– A new type of labor organization that
organized workers within an entire industry
rather than by their trade orientation
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The Resurgence of Labor
Sit-Down Strike – Workers occupy a factory
to paralyze production lines and prevent
strikebreakers or management from entering
the building
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A New Deal for African Americans
Why did many African Americans switch
from the Republican to the Democratic Party
in the 1930s?
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A New Deal for African Americans
New Deal Coalition – A political partnership
formed in the mid-thirties among liberals,
trade unionists, Catholics, and northern
blacks that redrew the nation’s political map
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The Supreme Court Weighs In
What role did the Supreme Court play during
the New Deal?
Why did the New Deal end in 1938?
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Envisioning Evidence
INTERPRETING PUBLIC OPINION POLLS
• George Gallop’s public opinion polls focused on
statistical sampling rather than volume of responses.
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Envisioning Evidence
INTERPRETING PUBLIC OPINION POLLS
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Chapter Review Questions
1. What groups of people did the New Deal help and why?
2. Why did images of breadlines and migrant farmers
become enduring symbols of Depression-era suffering?
3. Why were there labor protests in the thirties, a time
when one might expect workers simply to be grateful
for any job on any terms?
4. What conflicting visions prompted the right and left to
criticize the New Deal?
5. What new roles did the New Deal establish for the
federal government in American society?
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