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Agenda • Handout National Security Vocab • Matching: Bureaucracy – Hand back papers • Rank Foreign Policy Goals • Notes • Fishbowl? • Foreign Policy Quiz • Enter Grades • Agenda/H.W. Foreign Policy Striking A Balance In A Global Society What should our foreign policy goals be? Rank the following in order of importance. • • • • • • • Defending the United States against attacks from other nations. Supporting humanitarian interests Protecting weaker nations against foreign aggression Supporting democracy in other nations Protecting jobs of American workers Securing a favorable balance of trade Defending our allies and participating in mutual defense alliances • Getting involved with the United Nations peacekeeping activities • Achieving worldwide arms control • Giving aid to foreign countries Foreign Policy Continuum (Military, Economic, & Diplomatic) Isolation Neutrality Foreign Aid Economic Sanctions Diplomacy Political Pressure Blockade Military (Collective Security) Declared War Intervention (Covert Action: Police Action) Intro • Definition: – Aspect of governmental action involving choices about relations with the rest of the world. • Key Ideas – Complex – Tied to domestic policy-choose what to prioritize • What factors impact foreign policy? – Alliances, economy, players involved, agenda setting, elections, media, public opinion Components • Military • Diplomacy • Economics • Environment Players 1. Public 2. President – Constitutional Role, Access to Info, Easier for 1 person – Variety of Options • • • • • • • • Negotiate Treaty Executive Order/Agreement Recognition Sanctions (Economic) Covert Ops Military Involvement (deploy troops) Diplomacy—Secretary of State & Other Envoys Nominate Ambassadors, Consuls etc. Players 3. Congress – – – – – Senate: Ratify Appointments & Treaties Declare War Power of the Purse Oversight When f.p. conflict between Pres. & Congress… who wins? – Pres. Wins; Courts try to stay out of the way 4. Secretary of Defense 5. Joint Chiefs (JCS) 6. National Security Council (NSC): Coordinate policy 7. CIA: Intelligence gathering & analysis Policies & Doctrines Historically • Isolationism – Monroe Doctrine – Roosevelt Corollary • Containment (Communism/U.S.S.R.) – Early Cold War • Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan • Eisenhower Doctrine • Flexible Response – End of the Cold War • Détente • Internationalism – Regional Org./NGOs/UN – Bush Doctrine…A Break from International Cooperation? Military • Washington’s Farewell Address… • Military foreign policy and use of force has often been a means to an end – – – – – – – – – – – – Revolution Mexican-American War Cuba Panama WWI and WWII Korea Vietnam Dominican Republic Grenada Kosovo Iraq AND THE LIST GOES ON AND ON…. Policy Steps • Problem Identification • Agenda Setting-competitive process • Policy Formulation-brainstorming. Develop proposed courses of action • Policy Adoption-approve a proposal. Long and complex process. Usually incremental • Budgeting • Policy Implementation • Policy Evaluation Gulf War: A Case Study • Aug. 2, 1990 – Saddam invades Kuwait – Iraq controls 1/5 of the World’s oil • George H.W. Bush responds with sanctions – No force—economic sanctions • Iraq ignores, builds up troops on Saudi Border—Saudi’s request US military intervention – US builds a force up of 250,000 to Saudi Arabia – November 1990, US considers military intervention • January 17, 1991: US attacks Iraqi forces Gulf War: A Case Study • Why does it take 5 months for the U.S. to decide to go to war? – Images of Vietnam – Not sure if he would attack Saudi Arabia – Should we fight for Kuwait – Had to get Saudi approval to bring US troops in • US needed staging base for operations – Wanted to make sure USSR wouldn’t intervene Gulf War: A Case Study • Why does it take 5 months for the U.S. to decide to go to war? – Took time to build coalition • Bush fears that if Hussein not stopped, he might continue to expand • Why is this not in America’s interest? – Needed to gather military force in order to attack. – Opposition from Colin Powell/Norman Schwartzkopf/other advisors Gulf War: A Case Study • Was Bush Alone in His Support for Kuwait? – Margaret Thatcher—British PM join Bush – Hawks: Those who called for not only operations in Kuwait but expansion of war into Iraq • Dick Cheney—Secretary of Defense – Paul Wolfowitz working under Dick Cheney in Defense Dept. – Donald Rumsfeld • Brent Scowcroft—National Security Advisor • William Webster—CIA Director Gulf War: A Case Study • Why did the military leaders and politicians differ in their positions towards military action…All had the same briefings, intelligence? – Different experiences • Bush: WWII (won)/Powell: Vietnam (lost) • Different perceptions of Saddam. – Bush viewed Saddam as the new Hitler – Powell: Saddam was an evil but rational calculator w/ a desire for resources • Cheney/Bush connections with Saudi Royal family • Bush/Cheney were politicians…what’s the impact? Gulf War: A Case Study • Why do these two groups disagree in this way? – Politicians take into account political party and Congressional elections (which were imminent) • Concern with price of oil as a politician because would be blamed for increase in price • How’s this different for military leaders? • Colin Powell-Vietnam Syndrome; Schwartzkopf-no exit strategy – Dick Cheney: Changing/New World Order emerging as USSR goes thru reforms—influences Pres. Bush • Maybe try to cultivate good relations within the Middle East • US may play an unopposed role with collapse of USSR— assert U.S. leading role as the “New Rome” • Make sure U.S. is acknowledged as leader in post-Cold War world and US will be a dominant watchdog power “The Decision” • George HW Bush & UN decided to limit the operation to ejecting Saddam out of Kuwait…not extend into Iraq as Cheney and others wanted • Over the next decade economic sanctions placed on Iraq • UN Security Council ordered Iraq to eliminate under international supervision its biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons programs – UN inspectors enter Iraq…but operations obstructed by Saddam…inspectors forced out in 1998…leads to US missile strike on Iraq (Clinton Administration) • Relationship b/n US and Iraq continue to worsen… 2000 Presidential Election: Bush v. Gore • 2000 Presidential Election – Al Gore (VP under Clinton) v. George W. Bush • Bush v. Gore Decision – Supreme Court rules to end recount in Florida… awarding George W. Bush presidency. • Bush wins election (271-266) despite losing popular vote Sandra Day O'Connor Questions Court Decision 9.11 • Nearly 3,000 people die on 9/11 Timeline of 9/11 NYC Build up for War… • 9/11: Changed the US Forever… – Airport Security – Patriot Act…Decreased Civil Liberties – Defense Spending Doubled ($306 billion 2001 v. $712 billion in 2011) – Anti-Muslim Sentiment in US Rises – Led to involvement in 2 wars…cost over $1 trillion • U.S. Seeks out those responsible – Al-Qaeda & Osama bin Laden • Terrorist cell harbored by the Taliban in Afghanistan • Al-Qaeda: History of Anti-American activity • Responsible for bombings of US embassies and USS Cole in 90s War in Afghanistan • “Form this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the U.S. as a hostile regime.” -Sep. 20, 2001—George W. Bush • Oct. 7, 2001: U.S. begins war against al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan • Osama bin Laden goes into hiding in mountains along Afghan/Pakistani border… – Nearly captured in Battle of Tora Bora • With war raging in Afghanistan in 2003, the U.S. pivoted to Iraq?...why? “Axis of Evil” • How do we get involved in Iraq then? – None of the hijackers involved in 9/11 attacks were from Iraq – Iraq had no affiliation with al-Qaeda • “States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred.” –George W. Bush—Jan. 29, 2002 – In reference to Iraq, Iran, and North Korea • Bush Doctrine – Preventative War: Held that the United States should depose foreign regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to the security of the United States, even if that threat was not immediate War in Iraq • Why did we go to war with Iraq? – Bush Administration claims: • Iraq had terror connections w/ al-Qaeda – Truth: No Ties Ever Found • Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) – No WMDs ever found…falsified evidence – What could explain this war? • Bush Doctrine • Key Officials in George W. Bush Admin. – – – – – Dick Cheney: VP Donald Rumsfeld: Sec. of Defense Paul Wolfowitz: Deputy Sec. of Defense Brent Scowcroft: Foreign Intell. Advisor Where did we see these names before and what did they want? • Why was Iraq of strategic interest to US foreign policy? War in Iraq (2003-2011) • UN Inspections in Iraq – Nov. 2002-March 2003 UN weapons inspectors enter into Iraq to begin search for WMDs – By March 2003, no WMDs had been found… • War in Iraq begins…March 20, 2003 – Despite calls for allowing UN inspections to continue, in March, 2003, US invades Iraq – US lacks international support from UN and key nations like France, Germany, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey • Infamous “Mission Accomplished” Speech – On May 1, 2003 Pres. Bush claims an end to major combat operations in Iraq…but the true war was just about to begin… War in Iraq • U.S. withdrawal… – Began June 2009-Dec. 18, 2011 – May 2007, 55% of Americans believed that the Iraq War was a mistake, and 51% of registered voters favored troop withdrawal. – 2008 George W. Bush signed the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement. It included a deadline of 31 December 2011, before which "all the United States Forces shall withdraw from all Iraqi territory“ • SOFA failed to be met…all troops gone by Dec. 18, 2011 – Iraqi “power-sharing” government established under shia Prime Minister, Nouri Al-Maliki… Iraq Today • Casualties of War – Civilian Casualties: 133,000-1.3 million – US Soldiers Killed: 4,489 (4,347 since “Mission Accomplished) – US Soldiers Wounded: 32,021 (official)-100,000 (estimated) • Current Situation • http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/dzphtv/mess-o-potamia---2014edition • http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/6mpwy3/isis-militants-in-iraq • http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/a6yqrp/mess-o-potamia---now-that-swhat-i-call-being-completely-f--king-wrong-about-iraq • http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/gt99v3/the-iraq-pack • http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/k8orr2/obama-s-response-to-isisin-iraq---mark-mazzetti Military • Usually the last option…why? • Shift towards internationalism – – – – Regional organizations UN NGOs Collective security • Treaties – Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963- banned atmospheric testing – SALT & SALT II – Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972- agree to limit missile sites & interceptor missiles – START-(1991) further reduce arsenals—Mandate elimination of strategic nuclear weaponry Criticisms 1. Military-Industrial Complex – Alliance between Dept of Defense, members of Congress, and industries building weapons – Related to high costs. 2. $-How much to spend? – Tied to agenda and domestic policy 3. President has too much power – War Powers Act 4. Too many cooks in the kitchen: too much info and advice – Competition for President’s “ear” Economics • Growing aspect of F.P.--Global economy and competition • Goal: Favorable Balance of Trade; Access to markets & resources. • Trend: Increasing Interdependence…Efforts to promote cooperation – – – – GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade) IMF (International Monetary Fund) NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) WTO (World Trade Organization)-U.S. complained to WTO regarding China’s trade practices What Major Foreign Policy Issues Are Facing the United States Currently? • Revolves around what ID as problem – Terrorism – Drugs – Human Rights – Environment – Disease