Download Foreign Policy

Agenda
• Handout National
Security Vocab
• Matching: Bureaucracy
– Hand back papers
• Rank Foreign Policy
Goals
• Notes
• Fishbowl?
• Foreign Policy Quiz
• Enter Grades
• Agenda/H.W.
Foreign Policy
Striking A Balance In A
Global Society
What should our foreign policy goals be?
Rank the following in order of importance.
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Defending the United States against attacks from other nations.
Supporting humanitarian interests
Protecting weaker nations against foreign aggression
Supporting democracy in other nations
Protecting jobs of American workers
Securing a favorable balance of trade
Defending our allies and participating in mutual defense
alliances
• Getting involved with the United Nations peacekeeping activities
• Achieving worldwide arms control
• Giving aid to foreign countries
Foreign Policy Continuum
(Military, Economic, & Diplomatic)
Isolation
Neutrality
Foreign Aid
Economic Sanctions
Diplomacy
Political Pressure
Blockade
Military
(Collective Security)
Declared War
Intervention
(Covert Action:
Police Action)
Intro
• Definition:
– Aspect of governmental action involving choices
about relations with the rest of the world.
• Key Ideas
– Complex
– Tied to domestic policy-choose what to prioritize
• What factors impact foreign policy?
– Alliances, economy, players involved, agenda setting,
elections, media, public opinion
Components
• Military
• Diplomacy
• Economics
• Environment
Players
1. Public
2. President
– Constitutional Role, Access to Info, Easier for 1 person
– Variety of Options
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Negotiate Treaty
Executive Order/Agreement
Recognition
Sanctions (Economic)
Covert Ops
Military Involvement (deploy troops)
Diplomacy—Secretary of State & Other Envoys
Nominate Ambassadors, Consuls etc.
Players
3. Congress
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Senate: Ratify Appointments & Treaties
Declare War
Power of the Purse
Oversight
When f.p. conflict between Pres. & Congress… who
wins?
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Pres. Wins; Courts try to stay out of the way
4. Secretary of Defense
5. Joint Chiefs (JCS)
6. National Security Council (NSC): Coordinate policy
7. CIA: Intelligence gathering & analysis
Policies & Doctrines Historically
• Isolationism
– Monroe Doctrine
– Roosevelt Corollary
• Containment
(Communism/U.S.S.R.)
– Early Cold War
• Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• Flexible Response
– End of the Cold War
• Détente
• Internationalism
– Regional Org./NGOs/UN
– Bush Doctrine…A Break from
International Cooperation?
Military
• Washington’s Farewell Address…
• Military foreign policy and use of force has often been a
means to an end
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Revolution
Mexican-American War
Cuba
Panama
WWI and WWII
Korea
Vietnam
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Kosovo
Iraq
AND THE LIST GOES ON AND ON….
Policy Steps
• Problem Identification
• Agenda Setting-competitive process
• Policy Formulation-brainstorming. Develop
proposed courses of action
• Policy Adoption-approve a proposal. Long and
complex process. Usually incremental
• Budgeting
• Policy Implementation
• Policy Evaluation
Gulf War: A Case Study
• Aug. 2, 1990
– Saddam invades Kuwait
– Iraq controls 1/5 of the World’s oil
• George H.W. Bush responds with sanctions
– No force—economic sanctions
• Iraq ignores, builds up troops on Saudi Border—Saudi’s
request US military intervention
– US builds a force up of 250,000 to Saudi Arabia
– November 1990, US considers military intervention
• January 17, 1991: US attacks Iraqi forces
Gulf War: A Case Study
• Why does it take 5 months for the U.S. to
decide to go to war?
– Images of Vietnam
– Not sure if he would attack Saudi Arabia
– Should we fight for Kuwait
– Had to get Saudi approval to bring US troops in
• US needed staging base for operations
– Wanted to make sure USSR wouldn’t intervene
Gulf War: A Case Study
• Why does it take 5 months for the U.S. to
decide to go to war?
– Took time to build coalition
• Bush fears that if Hussein not stopped, he might
continue to expand
• Why is this not in America’s interest?
– Needed to gather military force in order to attack.
– Opposition from Colin Powell/Norman
Schwartzkopf/other advisors
Gulf War: A Case Study
• Was Bush Alone in His Support for Kuwait?
– Margaret Thatcher—British PM join Bush
– Hawks: Those who called for not only operations
in Kuwait but expansion of war into Iraq
• Dick Cheney—Secretary of Defense
– Paul Wolfowitz working under Dick Cheney in Defense Dept.
– Donald Rumsfeld
• Brent Scowcroft—National Security Advisor
• William Webster—CIA Director
Gulf War: A Case Study
• Why did the military leaders and politicians
differ in their positions towards military
action…All had the same briefings,
intelligence?
– Different experiences
• Bush: WWII (won)/Powell: Vietnam (lost)
• Different perceptions of Saddam.
– Bush viewed Saddam as the new Hitler
– Powell: Saddam was an evil but rational calculator w/ a desire
for resources
• Cheney/Bush connections with Saudi Royal family
• Bush/Cheney were politicians…what’s the impact?
Gulf War: A Case Study
• Why do these two groups disagree in this way?
– Politicians take into account political party and
Congressional elections (which were imminent)
• Concern with price of oil as a politician because would be
blamed for increase in price
• How’s this different for military leaders?
• Colin Powell-Vietnam Syndrome; Schwartzkopf-no exit
strategy
– Dick Cheney: Changing/New World Order emerging
as USSR goes thru reforms—influences Pres. Bush
• Maybe try to cultivate good relations within the Middle East
• US may play an unopposed role with collapse of USSR—
assert U.S. leading role as the “New Rome”
• Make sure U.S. is acknowledged as leader in post-Cold War
world and US will be a dominant watchdog power
“The Decision”
• George HW Bush & UN decided to limit the
operation to ejecting Saddam out of Kuwait…not
extend into Iraq as Cheney and others wanted
• Over the next decade economic sanctions placed on
Iraq
• UN Security Council ordered Iraq to eliminate under
international supervision its biological, chemical, and
nuclear weapons programs
– UN inspectors enter Iraq…but operations obstructed by
Saddam…inspectors forced out in 1998…leads to US
missile strike on Iraq (Clinton Administration)
• Relationship b/n US and Iraq continue to worsen…
2000 Presidential Election: Bush v. Gore
• 2000 Presidential Election
– Al Gore (VP under Clinton) v. George W. Bush
• Bush v. Gore Decision
– Supreme Court rules to end recount in Florida…
awarding George W. Bush presidency.
• Bush wins election (271-266) despite losing popular
vote
Sandra Day O'Connor Questions Court Decision
9.11
• Nearly 3,000 people die on 9/11
Timeline of 9/11 NYC
Build up for War…
• 9/11: Changed the US Forever…
– Airport Security
– Patriot Act…Decreased Civil Liberties
– Defense Spending Doubled ($306 billion 2001 v.
$712 billion in 2011)
– Anti-Muslim Sentiment in US Rises
– Led to involvement in 2 wars…cost over $1
trillion
• U.S. Seeks out those responsible
– Al-Qaeda & Osama bin Laden
• Terrorist cell harbored by the Taliban in
Afghanistan
• Al-Qaeda: History of Anti-American activity
• Responsible for bombings of US embassies
and USS Cole in 90s
War in Afghanistan
• “Form this day forward, any nation that
continues to harbor or support terrorism will
be regarded by the U.S. as a hostile regime.”
-Sep. 20, 2001—George W. Bush
• Oct. 7, 2001: U.S. begins war against al-Qaeda
and Taliban forces in Afghanistan
• Osama bin Laden goes into hiding in
mountains along Afghan/Pakistani border…
– Nearly captured in Battle of Tora Bora
• With war raging in Afghanistan in 2003, the
U.S. pivoted to Iraq?...why?
“Axis of Evil”
• How do we get involved in Iraq then?
– None of the hijackers involved in 9/11 attacks were from Iraq
– Iraq had no affiliation with al-Qaeda
• “States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis
of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking
weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and
growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists,
giving them the means to match their hatred.” –George W.
Bush—Jan. 29, 2002
– In reference to Iraq, Iran, and North Korea
• Bush Doctrine
– Preventative War: Held that the United States should depose foreign
regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to the
security of the United States, even if that threat was not immediate
War in Iraq
• Why did we go to war with Iraq?
– Bush Administration claims:
• Iraq had terror connections w/ al-Qaeda
– Truth: No Ties Ever Found
• Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
– No WMDs ever found…falsified evidence
– What could explain this war?
• Bush Doctrine
• Key Officials in George W. Bush Admin.
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Dick Cheney: VP
Donald Rumsfeld: Sec. of Defense
Paul Wolfowitz: Deputy Sec. of Defense
Brent Scowcroft: Foreign Intell. Advisor
Where did we see these names before and what did they want?
• Why was Iraq of strategic interest to US foreign
policy?
War in Iraq (2003-2011)
• UN Inspections in Iraq
– Nov. 2002-March 2003 UN weapons
inspectors enter into Iraq to begin search
for WMDs
– By March 2003, no WMDs had been
found…
• War in Iraq begins…March 20, 2003
– Despite calls for allowing UN inspections to
continue, in March, 2003, US invades Iraq
– US lacks international support from UN
and key nations like France, Germany,
China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey
• Infamous “Mission Accomplished”
Speech
– On May 1, 2003 Pres. Bush claims an end
to major combat operations in Iraq…but
the true war was just about to begin…
War in Iraq
• U.S. withdrawal…
– Began June 2009-Dec. 18, 2011
– May 2007, 55% of Americans believed that the
Iraq War was a mistake, and 51% of registered
voters favored troop withdrawal.
– 2008 George W. Bush signed the U.S.–Iraq Status
of Forces Agreement. It included a deadline of 31
December 2011, before which "all the United
States Forces shall withdraw from all Iraqi
territory“
• SOFA failed to be met…all troops gone by Dec. 18, 2011
– Iraqi “power-sharing” government established
under shia Prime Minister, Nouri Al-Maliki…
Iraq Today
• Casualties of War
– Civilian Casualties: 133,000-1.3 million
– US Soldiers Killed: 4,489 (4,347 since “Mission
Accomplished)
– US Soldiers Wounded: 32,021 (official)-100,000
(estimated)
• Current Situation
• http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/dzphtv/mess-o-potamia---2014edition
• http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/6mpwy3/isis-militants-in-iraq
• http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/a6yqrp/mess-o-potamia---now-that-swhat-i-call-being-completely-f--king-wrong-about-iraq
• http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/gt99v3/the-iraq-pack
• http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/k8orr2/obama-s-response-to-isisin-iraq---mark-mazzetti
Military
• Usually the last option…why?
• Shift towards internationalism
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Regional organizations
UN
NGOs
Collective security
• Treaties
– Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963- banned atmospheric testing
– SALT & SALT II
– Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972- agree to limit missile
sites & interceptor missiles
– START-(1991) further reduce arsenals—Mandate elimination
of strategic nuclear weaponry
Criticisms
1. Military-Industrial Complex
– Alliance between Dept of Defense, members of
Congress, and industries building weapons
– Related to high costs.
2. $-How much to spend?
– Tied to agenda and domestic policy
3. President has too much power
– War Powers Act
4. Too many cooks in the kitchen: too much info
and advice
– Competition for President’s “ear”
Economics
• Growing aspect of F.P.--Global economy and
competition
• Goal: Favorable Balance of Trade; Access to
markets & resources.
• Trend: Increasing Interdependence…Efforts to
promote cooperation
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GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
WTO (World Trade Organization)-U.S. complained to
WTO regarding China’s trade practices
What Major Foreign Policy Issues Are
Facing the United States Currently?
• Revolves around what ID as problem
– Terrorism
– Drugs
– Human Rights
– Environment
– Disease