Download Chapter 6. Manifest Destiny

Chapter 6. Manifest Destiny
Chronological Landmarks
6.1 The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
6.2 The War of 1812 (1812–1814)
6.3 The Missouri Compromise (1820)
6.4 The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
6.5 The Indian Removal Act (1830)
6.6 Transcendentalism (1836)
6.7 The Annexation of Texas (1845)
Chronological Landmarks
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1797–1801John Adams (1735–1826) as the Second President
1801–1809Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) as the Third President
1803The Louisiana Purchase
1809–1817James Madison (1751–1836) as the Fourth President
1812–1814 The War of 1812
1814 The Treaty of Ghent
1814Napoleon Abdicates
1817–1825James Monroe (1758–1831) as the Fifth President
1820The Missouri Compromise
1821Independence of Mexico
1823The Monroe Doctrine
1825–1829John Quincy Adam (1767–1848) as the Sixth President
1829–1837Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) as the Seventh President
1830 Indian Removal Act
1837–1841Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) as the Eighth President
1838 The Trail of Tears
1841–1841William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) as the Ninth President
1841–1845John Tyler (1790 - 1862) as the Tenth President
1845–1849James K. Polk (1795–1849) as the 11th President
1845The Annexation of Texas
6.1 The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
Right of Deposit ▲
Napoleon Bonaparte ▲
Thomas Jefferson ▲
all of Louisiana ▲
Louisiana Purchase ▲
6.1.1
Right of Deposit
▲
• The Louisiana Territory encompassed包括 a vast, largely
unexplored tract of western land, and it defined the western
border of the United States along the Mississippi from the
Gulf of Mexico to present–day Minnesota. At the mouth of
the Mississippi lay the territory’s most valuable property in
terms of commerce, the port of New Orleans, known as
“The Crescent City” (新月城)because of its location within a
bend of the river. Since American independence, Louisiana
had held a special place in the young nation’s expansionist
dream. Although Spain acquired it from France in 1763,
hundreds of thousands of Americans in search of land kept
swarming to this large unpopulated area. In a treaty of 1795,
Spain agreed to give the United States the Right of
Deposit at New Orleans, which allowed the American
settlers to ship all of their surplus goods盈余产品 by boat
down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.
6.1.2 Napoleon
Bonaparte (1) ▲
• 1n 1789, the French Revolution took place. To
stop the spread of revolution, European rulers of
some other nations declared war on France. As
France battled these nations, a young army
officer Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), rose
to power and seized control of the French
government in 1799. Napoleon dreamed of
building a great empire based on France’s West
Indies colony of Santo Domingo(多米尼加首都),
and on the vast North American territory of
Louisiana, using the Mississippi Valley as a
food and trade center to feed the slaves on the
sugar–rich island of Hispaniola (海地岛).
6.1.2 Napoleon
Bonaparte (2) ▲
• In 1800 to 1801, Napoleon secretly forced the
weak Spanish government to cede割让 the
great tract back to France in several pacts, and
gave Spain a quid pro quo (交换物) in shape of
support for Spanish ambitions in Italy. In 1802,
the Spanish government suddenly suspended
the American Right of Deposit at New Orleans,
and Americans could no longer bring goods
down the Mississippi to New Orleans and
deposit them there for transshipment. Americans
trembled with apprehension忧惧and indignation
愤怒at the news. Every eye in the United States
was then focused on the affairs of Louisiana.
6.1.3 Thomas Jefferson (1) ▲
• Thomas Jefferson learned about the transfer of
Louisiana Territory soon after coming into office
in 1801. He wanted to stay out of European
affairs, but he could not ignore the concerns of
the West. Nevertheless, Jefferson remained
serene平静的and imperturbable沉着冷静and was not
to be rushed into precipitate贸然轻率action. His
annual report in the congress breathed
platitudes陈词滥调of peace, friendship, and
economy. Yet he immediately began
strengthening fortifications防御in the West and
preparing for the worst. He asked and obtained
from Congress an appropriation of $2 million
and
sent
James Monroe (1758–1831) as envoy
James
Monroe
extraordinary
to
help
Robert
R.
Livingston
Robert
Livingston
(1758–1831)
(1746–1813), American Minister
in Paris, to buy
(1746–1813)
New Orleans and Florida from Napoleon.
6.1.3 Thomas
•
Jefferson (2) ▲
If the purchase was impossible, they would try to obtain a
guarantee of the Right of Deposit; if France would grant
nothing and retained clearly hostile intentions toward the
United States, they would cross the Channel to seek a
defensive alliance with Great Britain, marrying the United
States to the British fleet and nation. In the meantime,
however, Napoleon lost his interest in Louisiana, since the
prospect of an American–British alliance might well
mean British conquest of Louisiana. Besides, Napoleon’s
ambition to re–establish the French empire in the western
hemisphere was greatly discouraged by a military
disaster in French–ruled Haiti, where a great insurgency
叛乱and yellow fever黄热病 together decimated毁灭 a
French force of 24,000 men. He therefore resolved to fill
his treasury by selling the region to the Americans to
prepare for the war looming again in Europe, to put
Louisiana beyond the reach of the British, and to bid for投
标 the friendship of the United States.
6.1.4
all of Louisiana (1) ▲
• In April 1803, Napoleon offered to sell not just New
Orleans, but all of Louisiana, to the United States.
This proposal flabbergasted 使目瞪口呆Livingston and
Monroe. On the one hand, their instructions from
Washington said nothing about acquiring all of
Louisiana; and they certainly had not been authorized
to spend what the French demanded. On the other,
here was an unprecedented opportunity to expand
the boundaries of the United States dramatically. When
a letter arrived from Livingston urging immediate
ratification批准 of a treaty for the purchase before
Napoleon might withdraw the offer as suddenly as he
had made it, Jefferson found the legality of the act
deeply troubling.
6.1.4
all of Louisiana (2) ▲
• According to his Strict–Constructionist doctrine, the
treaty itself was unconstitutional, because, if the federal
government possessed no power not expressly清楚地
granted, the President had no power to increase the
national domain by treaty. Indeed, Jefferson began
drawing up constitutional amendment authorizing the
acquisition of Louisiana, but ratification would take time
and Livingston urged haste. In the end, Jefferson’s
constitutional scruples审慎 vanished, pragmatism实用主
义 triumphed over theory, and he furnished himself with
Hamilton’s Broad–Constructionist interpretation of the
Constitution and sent the treaty to the Senate for
ratification. Approved by the Senate, the American
ministers haggled讨价还价 over a few details, took a
deep breath, and agreed to purchase Louisiana for
approximately $15 million.
6.1.5
Louisiana Purchase (1) ▲
•[1英亩(相当于6亩)只合4美分,这块土地相当于4个法国]
• In 1803, it seemed
likely that the United States was
paying $15 million for a scrap of paper. The boundary
was not specified, the province was still in the hands of
Spain, Napoleon had previously promised to Spain
never to dispose of处置 Louisiana to a third power, and
the French Constitution allowed no alienation of
national territory without a vote of the legislature立法机关.
However, the Louisiana Purchase turned out to be the
most popular and momentous event of Jefferson’s
presidency. It more than doubled the size of the United
States by adding 827,000 square miles at one stroke一
举. Not only could western commerce flow down the
Mississippi unimpeded未受阻止 to the sea, but it also
freed America from Europe’s colonial entanglements纠缠
and prepared the way for the eventual dominance of the
United States in the Western Hemisphere.
6.1.5
•
Louisiana Purchase (2) ▲
Jefferson was jubilant 欢呼 about this brilliant deal, as
the purchase would certainly guarantee the prosperity of
his agrarian republic. He persuaded Congress to fund a
scientific exploration of the trans–Mississippi west to be
led by Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and
Lieutenant William Clark (1774–1851). Lewis and Clark
set out from St. Louis in 1804, crossed the Rockies,
reached the Oregon coast on the Pacific Ocean, then
turned back and completed the return journey in 1806.
Their expedition increased geographic and scientific
knowledge of previously unexplored country,
strengthened U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory,
improved relations with Native American tribes, and
developed maps and land routes for fur trappers and
future settlers. As an American historian once remarked,
“If the Civil War is our Iliad伊利亚特, then this expedition
is our Odyssey奥德修斯.”