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COLD WAR
CONFLICTS
U.S vs. U.S.S.R.
Learning Objectives:
Section 4 - Two Nations Live on
the Edge
1. Explain the policy of brinkmanship.
2. Describe American and Soviet actions
that caused the Cold War to spread
around the world.
3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and
the U-2 incident on the United States.
SECTION 4:
TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE
An H-bomb test conducted by
America near Bikini Island in
Pacific Ocean, 1954
After World War II, the U.S.
and U.S.S.R. competed in
developing atomic and
hydrogen bombs
The Soviets tested their first
atomic bomb in 1949
The U.S. began work on a
bomb 67 times stronger than
the atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima – the hydrogen
bomb
GUIDED READING:
How did the United States react, and why?
The Soviet
Union
exploded
its first
atomic
bomb in
1949.
With fear and horror because the
Soviet Union's development of
the atomic bomb took away the
U.S. advantage in weaponry;
decided to develop the H-bomb
before the Soviets did in order
to regain military superiority
By the time both countries
had the H-bomb (1953),
President Dwight D.
Eisenhower and his
Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles made it clear
they were willing to use all
military force (including
nuclear weapons) to stop
aggression
The Soviets followed suit
This willingness to go to the
edge of all-out war became
known as brinkmanship
Some Americans created shelters in their
backyards in case of nuclear attack
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – How did the U.S. and the Soviet
union start the arms race?
By developing more powerful weapons,
including the H-bomb.
THE COLD WAR SPREADS
As the Cold War heated
up, the U.S. depended
more and more on
information compiled by
the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
The CIA began attempts
to weaken or overthrow
governments unfriendly
to the U.S.
COVERT ACTIONS IN THE
MIDDLE EAST
One of the first
covert operations
occurred in the
Middle East
In Iran the U.S.
orchestrated the
return of the proU.S. Shah of Iran
in 1953
The last Shah of Iran
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
GUIDED READING:
How did the United States react, and why?
In 1951, the Iranian
prime minister placed
the oil industry in Iran
under the Iranian
government’s control.
Used covert CIA action to topple
the Iranian government in order to
establish a government more favor
able to Western interests
COVERT OPS IN LATIN
AMERICA
In 1954, the CIA also
took covert actions in
Guatemala (a Central
America country just
south of Mexico)
The U.S. believed
Guatemala was on the
verge of becoming
Communist, so the CIA
trained an army which
invaded the small
country
The actions eventually
failed as a military
dictator rose to power
GUIDED READING:
How did the United States react, and why?
The Guatemalan
head of
government gave
American-owned
land in Guatemala
to peasants.
Used covert CIA action to topple the
Guatemalan government in order to
establish a government more
favorable to Western interests
B – What was the role of the CIA in
the Cold War?
To gather intelligence and to carry out
secret operations against unfriendly
govts.
THE WARSAW PACT
To counter the U.S. defense alliance
(NATO), in 1955 the Soviets formed
their own mutual defense alliance
known as the Warsaw Pact
NATO
WARSAW
NEUTRAL
THE COLD WAR TAKES TO THE
SKIES
The Space Race was
initially dominated by the
Soviets
On October 4, 1957, they
launched Sputnik, the
world’s first artificial
satellite
Sputnik traveled around
earth at 18,000 miles an
hour, circling the globe
every 96 minutes
Increase Educational Goals
Sputnik I
↓
National Defense and Education Act
↓
National Aeronautical and Space Agency
(NASA)
resulted in
increased government funding for scientific
research.
SUEZ CANAL
The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the
Tripartite Aggression, Suez War, or Second
Arab-Israeli War
on 26 July 1956 Egypt nationalized the Canal
A diplomatic and military confrontation
between Egypt vs Britain, France and Israel.
The United States, the Soviet Union and the
United Nations played major roles in forcing
Britain, France and Israel to withdraw.
Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt,
Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to
Egypt and Israel, and then began to bomb
Cairo.
Despite the denials of the Israeli, British and
French governments, evidence began to
emerge that the invasion of Egypt had been
planned beforehand by the three powers.
Anglo-French forces withdrew before the end
of the year, but Israeli forces remained until
March 1957, prolonging the crisis. In April, the
canal was fully reopened to shipping, but other
repercussions followed.
C – What were the results of the Suez
War?
Great Britain, France, and Israel
withdrew from the Mediterranean end of
the canal and
control of the canal passed to Egypt.
GUIDED READING:
How did the United States react, and why?
In 1956, Britain,
France, and
Israel invaded
Egypt and
occupied the
Suez Canal.
With shock because the situation didn't
seem to call for aggression; to end the
crisis, asked the UN to order a cease-fire
and the withdrawal of troops.
VS
D – Compare Joseph Stalin and Nikita
Khrushchev.
How were they alike?
How were they different?
They both believed that communism
would take over the world.
Unlike Stalin, Khrushchev believed
communism could triumph peacefully
THE HUNGARIAN
UPRISING
The Soviets responded to the
Hungarian revolt with tanks
Dominated by the Soviet Union
since the end of WWII, the
Hungarian people rose up in
revolt in 1956
Led by Imre Nagy, the liberal
Communist leader of Hungary,
the people demanded free
elections and the end of Soviet
domination
The Soviets’
response was
swift and brutal –
30,000
Hungarians were
killed (including
Nagy) as the
Soviets
reasserted control
GUIDED READING:
How did the United States react, and why?
Soviet tank
invaded
Hungary and
fired on
protesters in
1956.
Protested the invasion but could do little
to help
U-2 PLANES SPY
ON SOVIETS
In the late 1950s,
the CIA began
secret high-altitude
spy missions over
Soviet territory
The U-2’s infra-red
cameras took
detailed pictures of
Soviet troop
movements &
missile sites
U-2 SPY PLANE SHOT
DOWN OVER USSR
Powers was released in 1962 in
exchange for convicted Soviet spy
Rudolph Abel
On May 1, 1960, Gary
Power’s U-2 spy plane was
shot down over Soviet
territory
Powers parachuted into
Soviet territory, was
captured and sentenced to
10-years in prison
Because of this incident,
the 1960s opened with
tension between the two
superpowers as great as
ever
GUIDED READING:
How did the United States react, and why?
In 1960, the
Soviet Union
brought down an
American U-2
piloted by
Francis Gary
Powers.
At first, lied about the purpose of the
flight to keep spying activities secret but
then publicly admitted guilt to salvage
an impending summit conference on the
arms race.