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Transcript
Cold War Conflicts The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs, especially after the Korean War. Fear of communism in the U.S. leads to accusations against innocent citizens. British prime minister Winston Churchill, U.S. president Harry S Truman, and Soviet premier and supreme commander Joseph Stalin pose during their meeting at the Potsdam Conference in Germany (July 1945). NEXT Vocab Ch 18 • United Nations • Satellite nation • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Section 3 • HUAC • Hollywood Ten • Blacklists • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg • Alger Hiss Cold War Conflicts SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War SECTION 2 The Cold War Heats Up SECTION 3 The Cold War at Home SECTION 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge NEXT Section 1 Origins of the Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems. NEXT SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War Former Allies Clash U.S.-Soviet Relations • U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitler’s ally • Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb The United Nations • 1945, established as new peacekeeping body • UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued Former Allies Clash Truman Becomes President The Potsdam Conference • July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union • Stalin does not allow free elections in Poland - bans democratic parties NEXT SECTION 1 Tension Mounts Bargaining at Potsdam • Soviets want reparations from Germany; Truman objects • Agree to take reparations mainly from own occupation zones • U.S. emerges from war as great economic power - wants Eastern European raw materials, markets Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued Tension Mounts Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe • Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates • 1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable United States Establishes a Policy of Containment Interactive • U.S. policy of containment—measures to prevent spread of communism • Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain NEXT A. NATO B. Cold War C. Berlin airlift D. containment E. Marshall Plan F. Joseph Stalin G. United Nations H. satellite nations I. Harry S. Truman J. Truman Doctrine 1. This group consisted of Eastern European nations that were dominated by the Soviet Union. 2. This action provided vital supplies to a region blockaded by the Soviet Union. The NATO Alliance • Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support USSR forms Warsaw Pact includes USSR and the Buffer Zone Pages 605, 608, 624 Divide Germany into 4 post war sections Color code each section Label each section Color all NATO countries yellow Color the Soviet Bloc countries PINK Draw the Iron Curtain in RED Create a KEY SECTION 1 Cold War in Europe The Truman Doctrine • 1945–1991 Cold War—conflict between U.S., U.S.S.R. - neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield • Truman Doctrine— Gave aid to Turkey and Greece to reduce communist threat The Marshall Plan Image • 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need • Marshall Plan revives 16 nations CONTAINMENT NEXT SECTION 1 Superpowers Struggle over Germany The Berlin Airlift Map • 1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin • Berlin airlift—Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin • 1949, Stalin lifts blockade NEXT A. NATO B. Cold War C. Berlin airlift D. containment E. Marshall Plan F. Joseph Stalin G. United Nations H. satellite nations I. Harry S. Truman J. Truman Doctrine 3. Both the United States and the Soviet Union joined this organization after World War II. 4. He arranged for about 400 million dollars in aid to be sent to postwar Turkey and Greece. A. NATO B. Cold War C. Berlin airlift D. containment E. Marshall Plan F. Joseph Stalin G. United Nations H. satellite nations I. Harry S Truman J. Truman Doctrine 5. This defensive military alliance was the first military alliance that the United States ever entered during peacetime. 6. This aid program was directed "not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos." A. NATO B. Cold War C. Berlin airlift D. containment E. Marshall Plan F. Joseph Stalin G. United Nations H. satellite nations I. Harry S Truman J. Truman Doctrine 7. This term refers to the indirect but hostile conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that began at the end of World War II. 8. He believed that eventually there would be a war between capitalism and communism Section 2 The Cold War Heats Up After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. NEXT SECTION 2 The Cold War Heats Up China Becomes a Communist Country Nationalists Versus Communists • Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek • U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is corrupt • Communists, led by Mao Zedong • by 1945, communists control north China Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued China Becomes a Communist Country Renewed Civil War • 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan • Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland • U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government NEXT Memorial of Chiang Kai Chek in Taiwan SECTION 2 The Korean War A Divided Country • 38th parallel (38º N latitude) North of 38th to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. North Korea Attacks South Korea • 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War • South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves • MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces Interactive NEXT SECTION 2 The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur’s Counterattack • North Korea drives south, captures Seoul • UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone • MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north The Chinese Fight Back • China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul • Fighting continues for 2 more years Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur Recommends Attacking China • MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request • UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel MacArthur Versus Truman • MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires him Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued The United States Fights in Korea Settling for Stalemate • 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire • 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized zone (DMZ) established NEXT Section 3 The Cold War at Home During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens. NEXT SECTION 3 The Cold War at Home Fear of Communist Influence Loyalty Review Board • Truman accused of being soft on Communism • Sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees • 1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million, dismiss 212 Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued Fear of Communist Influence The House Un-American Activities Committee • House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Communist ties • Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison • Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties, cannot get work NEXT SECTION 3 Spy Cases Stun the Nation Alger Hiss Image • Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury • Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing charges The Rosenbergs • Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated • Rosenbergs sentenced to death; for helping soviets develop the bomb. Supreme Court upholds conviction NEXT SECTION 3 McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt” McCarthy’s Tactics • Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong antiCommunist activist • Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection • McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence • McCarthy claims Communists in State Department Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt” McCarthy’s Downfall Image • 1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army • Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses • Loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct NEXT Section 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war. NEXT SECTION 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Race for the H-Bomb • hydrogen bomb— more powerful than atom bomb • 1952, U.S. 1953, Soviets The Policy of Brinkmanship • John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower • Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: - willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism NEXT SECTION 4 The Cold War Spreads Around the World The Warsaw Pact • West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets • Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries Map Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4 continued The Cold War Spreads Around the World The Eisenhower Doctrine • Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt • Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists Image NEXT SECTION 4 The Cold War Takes to the Skies A New Soviet Leader • Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: - peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition The Space Race Chart • October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite • Shocked Americans pour money into own space program Continued . . . NEXT Ch 19 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.