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Cold War
U.S. History
Chapter 18
United States vs. Soviet Union
• United States:
• Democracy
• Private citizens control
economic activity
• People elect
government official
with political parties –
offers a CHOICE
• Soviet Union:
• State-controlled
property and economic
activity
• Totalitarian – NO
CHOICE
• Upset over no 2nd Front,
secret atomic bomb
United Nations
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50 nations
Promote peace
San Francisco meeting
Competition between the
U.S. and Soviet Union
Potsdam Conference
• July 1945 – U.S., GB, S.U.
• Final war-time conference
• Clear Stalin NOT allowing free elections in
Poland like he promised at Yalta
• Showed U.S./S.U. at big odds
• So..
– Truman fought against large reparations from
Germany
Satellite Nations
• Page 605
• Countries
dominated by the
Soviet Union –
communist
governments
established
Containment **
• Taking measures to prevent communism from
spreading to other countries – “containing” it
where it exists
• George Kennan
“Iron Curtain”
• Winston Churchill
• Refers to the division between democratic
Western Europe and Communist Eastern
Europe
The Cold War
• Conflict between the U.S. and the S.U. that
does not take place on a battlefield
• 1945 – 1991 (when S.U. breaks up)
Truman Doctrine
• Greece and Turkey – civil wars – communists
vs. pro-western governments. Fall of either
opens up Western Europe and Asia to Soviet
influence
• Truman Doctrine - $400 million in aid to
Greece and Turkey.
– Why? U.S. must support free people everywhere
from outside pressure
Marshall Plan
• Western Europe torn up!
• Sec. of State George Marshall – give aid to
European nations that need it
• 16 nations - $13 billion
over 4 years
• Promoted democracy
• Our industries/banks
profited
German reunification
• 4 zones – GR, FR, US combine
their areas – Democratic
• Western Berlin – cut off by S.U.
• Berlin Airlift – 327 days –
U.S. airlifts food, supplies
• Increased our prestige
• Protected flights with threat of bomb!
• Germany – Western part – The Federal Republic
of Germany. Eastern part – German Democratic
Republic
NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
12 nations
Defensive military alliance
**1st peacetime alliance for the U.S.
**end of isolationism
China
• National government led by Chiang Kai-shek,
supported by the U.S.
• Sent $3 billion to help fight communist take
over. He had no public support though.
• Mao Zedong – Communist leader – won
people’s support, defeated Kai-shek, est. the
People’s Republic of China
Korea
• 38th parallel – North – Soviet,
South – American controlled
• KNOW MAP PAGE 613
• General Douglas MacArthur – commander of
troops
– Wanted to invade China, Truman rejected idea,
MacArthur spoke out against Truman, fired
The Cold War at Home
Executive Order 9835
• Called for loyalty boards for government
employees.
• 91 organizations labeled “subversive” –
watched members
• 3.2 million investigated, not allowed to see
evidence against them
HUAC
• House Un-American Activities Committee –
investigated communism in the movie
industry
• “Hollywood 10” – 10 screen writers,
producers, directors – associated with
communism
McCarran Act
• Against the law to establish a totalitarian
government in the U.S.
• Required Communist organizations to register
with the government
Alger Hiss
• Accused of being a Soviet spy
• Guilty, prison
Rosenberg’s
• Sept. 1949 – Soviets exploded an atomic
bomb. How so fast???
• Jan. 1950 – Truman orders creation of
hydrogen bomb – finished in ‘52.
Soviets do the same 9 months later
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – accused of
leaking atomic secrets to the Soviets
• Guilty, put to death in electric chair
McCarthyism
• Joseph McCarthy – Rep Senator – accused
government employees of being members of
Communist party (205 names)
• Later charged the Army of being
filled with communists – put on
trial – TV
– Lost a lot of support
• McCarthyism – public charges of
disloyalty in the government
without evidence
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• 1952 election
• 1956 election
John Foster Dulles
• Secretary of State
• “Massive Retaliation” – use ALL force to stop
communism
• “Brinkmanship” – going to the brink of war
with S.U. to keep peace – relies on nuclear
weapons
• Fear of nuclear war comes home – air raid
procedures, fall-out shelters
CIA
• Central Intelligence Agency – spies,
information.
• Secret operations to weaken/overthrow
unfriendly governments
• PAGE 623 - 624
Warsaw Pact
• 1953 – Stalin dies
• Nikita Khrushchev took over – “Peaceful Coexistence”
• Warsaw Pact – S.U. and 7 Eastern European
countries
“Spirit of Geneva”
• Meeting between Eisenhower/Khrushchev.
Wanted “open skies” – does not get, but does
get an agreement to stop nuclear testing
Eisenhower Doctrine
• U.S. would defend any Middle Eastern nation
against any Communist nation
• Hungarian Revolt – Hungary revolted against
S.U., denounced Warsaw Pact. Soviet tanks
rolled in, 30,000 killed. 200,000 fled.
– U.S. did nothing, UN did nothing – it was a
satellite nation
The Space Race
• Sputnik – artificial satellite launched by
Soviets
• Increase in education – science and math
• CIA – making secret flights over Soviet
territory taking photos
• May 1, 1960 – U-2 plane shot down, evidence
of spying shown to world
– We agree to stop spying
• Caused the ‘60s to begin with tension!!!
Kennedy and the Cold War
Chapter 20
1960 Election
• Republican – Richard Nixon
• Democrat – John F. Kennedy
• Things that cost Republicans – Sputnik, long
range missiles, U-2 spy plane, Cuba and Soviet
Union
• TV and Civil Rights turned the election:
– TV – 4 debates where JFK looked more “polished”
than Nixon
– Civil Rights – MLK arrested in Atlanta. Eisenhower did
nothing, Kennedy got him out of jail
• Kennedy wins by small margin – just over
100,000 popular votes
A New Military Policy
• Flexible Response – less reliance on nuclear
weapons, increase spending on conventional
arms and mobile military
• Created the Green Berets
Cuba
• 1959 – Fidel Castro came to power
• Nationalized American-owned
businesses/property
• Eisenhower cut off trade
• Castro turned to Soviet Union
• Est. a communist Totalitarian government
• Eisenhower – train anticommunist Cuban
exiles to retake Cuba
Bay of Pigs
• April 17, 1961 – 1,300 to 1,500 Cubans exiles
trained by the CIA landed at Bay of Pigs
• Nothing went as planned, trapped by Cubans
backed with Soviet tanks
• Forced to surrender
• Made us look BAD
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Oct. 1962 – spy photos
show Soviet missile bases
in Cuba, some with
missiles ready to launch
• Page 675
• Oct. 22 – “any attack from
Cuba would trigger an allout attack on the Soviet
Union”
• For 6 days – Soviet ships heading toward
Cuba, naval blockade around Cuba, 100,000
troops sent to Florida
• “Eyeball to eyeball”
• S.U. backed down
• Khrushchev – removed missiles from Cuba
• Kennedy – will not attack Cuba, removed
missiles from Turkey
• Both sides criticized
• Hot line established
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – end testing of
nuclear weapons in the atmosphere
Berlin Wall
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U.S. troops still in Berlin
People still escaping from east to west
Khru – ordered us to leave, JFK – no.
August 1961 – Berlin wall built
Symbol of the Cold War
The Vietnam War Years
U.S. History
Chapter 22
Moving Toward Conflict
• French controlled Vietnam until WWII
• Ho Chi Minh – leader of Vietnamese Communist
Party
• Japan took over Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh returned and helped from the Vietminh
– determined to gain independence
• Japanese left after WWII, Ho Chi Minh declared
Vietnam an independent nation
• French send troops, gain control of
Southern half
• 1950 – U.S. sends nearly $15 million in
economic aid to France
• Domino Theory – Eisenhower – if one
nation falls to communism they all will fall
(just like dominos)
• French surrendered May 1954
• Geneva Accords – temporarily divided
Vietnam along the 17th parallel
– Communist north,
nationalists south. Election
to unify the country
would be held in 1956
The United States Steps In
• Ho Chi Minh – North Vietnam
• Ngo Dinh Diem – South Vietnam – strong
anticommunist
• Diem refused to take part in the elections
• Vietcong – Communist opposition group in the
South – began attacking Diem’s government
Kennedy and Vietnam
• Increased financial aid to Diem
• Sent military advisors to train South
Vietnamese troops (16,000 by 1963)
• Diem becoming unpopular
• Corruption
• Moved villagers from
their homes
• Attacked Buddhism
• Diem had to go
• Nov. 1, 1963 – U.S. supported military coup
overthrew Diem, Diem killed.
Johnson Expands the Conflict
• Unstable leadership in South Vietnam
• Aug. 2, 1964 – U.S. destroyer fired on by North
Vietnamese
• Johnson called for bombing strikes on N.V.
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution – granted Johnson broad
military powers in Vietnam
• Operation Rolling Thunder – sustained bombing of
North Vietnam
• Troops began arriving
U.S. Involvement and Escalation
• More and more troops sent – containing
communism. By end of 1965 – 180,000
troops, 1967 – 500,000
• Vietcong – hit and run tactics, attacked in
cities and countryside
• Tunnel system
• Land mines, traps, heat, leeches
• U.S. – wear down the Vietcong (receiving
supplies from China and S.U.). Vietcong
remained defiant
• U.S. needed to get support of South
Vietnamese.
• Napalm (set fire to jungle) and Agent
Orange (toxic chemical) – often injured
civilians and destroyed villages
• Search-and-destroy missions
• Low troop morale
Early War at Home
• Great Society suffered, tax increase
• “living room war”
• Young Americans
resisting draft
Roots of Opposition
• New Left – growing youth movement
• SDS – Students for a Democratic Society –
more power to the people, individual
freedom
• College campuses – “teach ins”
• Why oppose? Vietnam was a CIVIL war, no
need for us to be there, South Vietnamese
leaders no better than Communist leaders,
and morally unjust
• Central Park demonstration – half a million protesters –
“Burn cards, not people,” and “Hell no, we wont go.”
• Oct. 1967 – march in Washington
• Doves – believed the U.S. should withdraw
• Hawks – do whatever to win the war
1968
• Tet Offensive – Tet – our New Year’s Eve. Villagers
were celebrating. That night, Vietcong launched an
attack on 100 towns in South Vietnam and the U.S.
embassy in Saigon. Continued for a month until
stopped by U.S.
• Vietcong lost 32,000 soldiers
• Greatly upset the American public – open criticism
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Robert Kennedy assassinated
MLK assassinated – riots
College campus riots/demonstrations (200)
Riots/demonstrations during Democratic
Convention
Richard Nixon
• Wins 1968 election
• 1969 – Nixon announced troop withdrawals
• Vietnamization – called for gradual
withdrawal of U.S. troops, let South Vietnam
take more control
– Henry Kissinger – Security Advisor
Trouble Continues …
• My Lai – massacre of innocent civilians in
South Vietnam by troops
• Cambodia – U.S. invaded Cambodia to clear
it of Vietcong and North Vietnamese
• Kent State – National Guard fired on
demonstrators, killed 4
• Jackson State – same, 2 killed
America’s Longest War Ends
• March 1972 – heaviest bombing of North
Vietnam
• Dec. ’72 – “Christmas bombings” – 100,000
bombs/11 days
• Mar. ’73 – last American troops left Vietnam
• North still attacked South
• April ’75 – South surrendered to North