Download Canadian History 1201 Chapter 2

Canadian History 1201
Chapter 2
Entering a New Century
1900-1914
2.1 Canada: Land of Opportunity
•
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Emigrant: someone who leaves their
home country
Immigrant: someone who comes into a
new country
2.2: Railways and the Expansion of
Canada
•
The Railway Boom
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The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), built in
the late 1800s, carried settlers, workers
and finished products to the West and
grain to the East.
The CPR wasn't adequate, so the Federal
Government gave subsidies for two
additional rail lines to the Grand Trunk
Railway Co. and the Canadian Northern
Railway.
2.2: Railways and the Expansion of
Canada
•
Patterns of Settlement and Development
–
Many towns grew up around rail lines,
stations and grain elevators.
2.3 The Changing Face of
Canada
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The Roots of Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism had its roots in the early
1900s.
– Place names (Esterhazy) and building styles
(onion-domed Orthodox churches) reflected
the ethnic background of the people living in
an area
–
2.3 The Changing Face of
Canada
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Growth of Cities
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Canada's urban population increased a lot in
the early 1900s.
People were looking for work in factories,
and as a city's population grew, more jobs
were created to build and maintain it.
Electric lights and streetcars were new
inventions which helped city dwellers.
2.3 The Changing Face of
Canada
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New Provinces
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–
In 1905, the Provinces of Alberta and
Saskatchewan were added to Canada.
Previously, they were part of the Northwest
Territories
In 1912, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec
expanded their borders to form their present
shapes.
2.4 A Changing Economy

Capitalist System:


Capitalists invest in
businesses. They
make all business
decisions based on
consumer demands.
This was new in the
20th century.
As a result of
capitalism, a mass
consumer culture
developed. Massproduced factory
products were bought
by consumers.
2.4 A Changing Economy

Industrial Growth:
Primary Industries

Canada began
exporting huge
amounts of natural
resources like wheat,
minerals, paper and
lumber in the early
20th century
2.4 A Changing Economy
•
Industrial Growth: Secondary Industries

Prior to 1900, most of Canada's wealth depended
on primary industries. Not so any more; factories
made a huge array of consumer products, from
brooms to cars.
2.4 A Changing Economy

Industrial Growth:
Tertiary Industries

The service industry
(transportation, finance,
utilities,...) expanded along
with the other two
industries. By the 1920s, it
was the largest industry
sector.
2.4 A Changing Economy

Foreign Trade:


John A. Macdonald's 'national
policy' placed tariffs on
imported manufactured
goods. The idea was to make
Canadian-made goods
competitive.
Canada still relied on primary
exports in the export trade,
and new technologies made
the country more efficient in
these areas.
2.4 A Changing Economy

Technology and the Industrial
Boom:



New technologies (esp.
electricity) made industries
more efficient, but often made
humans redundant.
This allowed mass
production of goods for the
first time in Canada.
Mass media (newspapers,
magazines, books) was
brought on by the large-scale
mechanization of the printing
industry.
2.4 A Changing Economy
•
Section Questions-page 35
–
#1,2,3,4
2.5 The Growth of Big Business, Foreign
Investment and Unions
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Big Business



Business owners found that the bigger the factory,
the cheaper you could make things and the more
people would buy them.
Corporations were new in the 1900s.They were
formed by alliances between bankers, financers
and industrialists.
Department stores and catalogue shopping were
new options for consumers.
2.5 The Growth of Big Business, Foreign
Investment and Unions
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Foreign Investment


Foreign investment was nothing new in Canada,
but the Americans began investing heavily in such
industries as pulp and paper mills.
'Branch plants' were set up by American
corporations to avoid Canadian tariff laws.
2.5 The Growth of Big Business, Foreign
Investment and Unions
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The Growth of Unions
 In
huge factories, workers did not often
know who owned the facilities. Most hardly
knew each other.
 Unions were groups of workers formed to
bargain with owners over wages, benefits
and working conditions. If this failed, the
whole union could go on strike.
2.5 The Growth of Big Business, Foreign
Investment and Unions
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Child Labour
 Children
were popular workers with owners
because they didn't have to be paid as
much as adults.
 Unions fought against child labour, but
this
was partly to save jobs for adults.
 Child labour laws were passed, but the
number of children working in factories
actually increased from 1900- 1910.
2.5 The Growth of Big Business,
Foreign Investment and Unions
•
Section Questions - page 40
•
#2,3,4, 5,6
2.6 Inequality, Intolerance and Racism
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The New Urban Poor
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As workers moved to areas near factories, the
need for housing outgrew the supply.
People were forced to live in cramped, unhealthy
conditions. One in four babies died before its first
birthday.
Governments wouldn’t help the urban poor much;
this was left to churches and charities.
2.6 Inequality, Intolerance and Racism
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Changing Lives for Native Peoples
– More and more First Nations people were being
forced onto reserves and were assimilated into the
mainstream culture.
– Churches believed that they had to “save” the First
Nations people by educating them in far-away
residential schools.
– Children were sent to the schools and were not
allowed to speak their language or practice their
culture. Some were abused.
– The Canadian Government made an official
apology to the First Nations recently (summer
2007) and offered them compensation packages.
2.6 Inequality, Intolerance and Racism
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Intolerance and Racism
 All
immigrants were sometimes treated
poorly (mistrust, exclusion, violence), but
non English-speaking ones had it worse:
The government officially blocked Black
immigrants from settling out west.
 Asian immigrants had a $500 head tax placed on
them to enter Canada.
 Race riots sometimes broke out in attempts to
“keep Canada white”.

2.6 Inequality, Intolerance and Racism
•
Section Questions - page 44
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#4,5,6,8
2.7 Women in the Early 20th Century
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Women could work, but only
if they were unmarried.
Jobs required low skill levels;
servants, factory workers,
office workers,…
By 1914, 21% of Canadian
workers were women…but
they were paid less than
men for the same jobs.
Sandy Trebick with chickens.
Saskatchewan Archives Board R-A20815
Grafting ... a factory snap dating from 1900 of women
in the jewellery industry
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article1524561.ece
http://www.earlyofficemuseum.com/photo_gallery_1900s_iii.htm
2.7 Women in the Early 20th Century
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Women organize
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Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
National Council of the
Women of Canada
These groups were formed to
better the lives of women,
children, workers and the
poor
Women’s Suffrage
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Women’s groups also lobbied
for the right to vote
Dr. Emily Howard Stowe,
Canada’s first female doctor,
helped organize the first
Canadian suffrage group
2.8 Canada, Britain and the Empire (p.48)
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At the beginning of the 20th century, Canada’s
defence and external affairs were still controlled by
Britain
The attachment many Canadians felt towards Britain
caused problems between English and Frenchspeaking Canadians…especially during the Boer War
The Red Ensign,
Canada’s original flag
British Parliament
Buildings, London
2.8 Canada, Britain and the Empire
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The South African War,
1899-1902 (p.49)
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Prime Minister Laurier did
not send the Canadian
Army to South Africa
Instead, he allowed
Canadians to volunteer to
serve in the British Army
Canadians served well in
the war, with a reputation as
tough, brave, resourceful
soldiers
Boer guerilla fighters
http://www.south-africa-tours-andtravel.com/images/boer-guerrillacommandos-boerwar.jpg
Canadians on the veldt in South Africa
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/boer
/boerwarhistory_e.shtml
2.8 Canada, Britain and the Empire

French-English Relations and
the South African War (p.50)
 English-speaking
Canadians were
enthusiastic about the Boer
War and didn’t like Laurier’s
response to it
 French-speaking Canadians
did not care about the war,
and wanted to concentrate
on building a strong
Canada, independent from
Britain
2.8 Canada, Britain and the Empire

The Naval Issue (p.51)
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Britain and Germany were
involved in a naval arms
race and Canada was
expected to contribute
financially
Laurier’s compromise was
to introduce the Naval
Service Bill in 1910, in
which Canada did not
contribute to Britain but
instead created its own navy
This annoyed both English
and French-speaking
Canadians
2.9 Canada and the United States
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Canadian-American Relations in the Early 20th
Century
 As
a result of fishing and sealing disputes and
fears over American Imperialism, CanadianAmerican relations were tense.
 If the Americans had invaded, they would
have found little resistance. Canada had only a
militia to fight with.
2.9 Canada and the United States
•The
Alaskan Boundary Dispute:
The U.S. bought Alaska
from Russia in 1867, but the
Canadian-Alaskan border
was unclear.
 The Yukon Gold Rush of
1898 brought the issue to the
forefront as thousands of
miners entered the area.

2.9 Canada and the United States
The Alaskan Boundary Dispute
 The dispute centered on where the
southern border was; did it follow the
coastline (Canadian claim) or the inlets
(American claim)?
 A 6-person tribunal made up of 3
Americans, 2 Canadians and a Briton met
in 1903 to settle the issue.
 The results favoured the Americans
because the British representative sided
with the U.S. . Many Canadians felt
betrayed by the British government.
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2.9 Canada and the United States
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Signs of Improved Relations:
 By
1909, suspicions of the Americans were
fading with the establishment of the
International Joint Commission, which
signed the Boundary Waters Treaty.
 This commission was set up to resolve any
more disputes over shared border waters. It still
exists today.
2.9 Canada and the United States
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Reciprocity and the 1911 Election
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(Reciprocity=free trade between Canada & the U.S.)
It existed from 1854-1866, but Macdonald’s National Policy
stopped it.
 Reciprocity resurfaced with Laurier in 1910-1911, with many
supporting and opposing viewpoints:
 For: more markets for Canadian goods
 Against: it would close Canadian industries; annexation by
the U.S.
 It became a major federal election issue in 1911, when
Laurier’s Liberals were defeated by Borden’s Conservatives.
