Download CHP 2PI Canadian History 1900 2000 chapter 2

Canadian History 1900-2000
Chapter 2 Entering A New Century, 1900-1914 pages 19-62
2.1 Canada Land of Opportunity pages 19-24
 From 1901-1914 Canada’s population grew from 5370000 to 8000000 mostly from immigration
 Canada’s Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier appointed Clifford Sifton Minister of the interior
 Sifton’s job was to encourage people from desirable countries to come to Canada and in particular “the last, best West”
 Each family was offered 160 acres of free land
 Many groups came to Canada for religious freedom
 Between 1870 and 1935 over 80,000 children came to Canada from Britain. They were orphans or unwanted children whose
parents or guardians could no longer take care of them.
 People who come to a country are called immigrants
2.2 Railways and the Expansion of Canada pages 25-27
 Families travelled by train to settle the Canadian West, the CPR – Canadian Pacific Railway was an important transportation
link between Western and Eastern Canada
 It took three days to travel from Toronto Ontario to Moose Jaw Saskatchewan
 The government subsidized the railways “The Canadian Pacific” and “The Grand Trunk”
 In 1867 Canada had 3666 km of railway lines and in 1914 there were 49588 km of track
 Factories, towns, grain elevators and cities grew up along the rail lines
2.3 The Changing Face of Canada- The Roots of Multiculturalism pages 28-31
 The face of Canada was no longer divided between French, English and Native Canadians
 There were now synagogues, temples, churches with diverse ethnic origins
 In 1900 the majority of Canadians lived on farms
 During the first years of the 20th century Canada’s urban population increased dramatically
 Cities grew by leaps and bounds, more jobs were created building factories, homes and infrastructure
 New inventions such as electric lights and streetcars
2.4 A Changing Economy pages 32-35
 Natural resources and foreign trade continued to be important to the Canadian economy
 Capitalist system was developing in Canada
 Capitalists are people with money or property to invest in business or willing to risk starting new business ventures
 Invest capital means to put money or property in the means or production
 Urban Canada now purchased manufactured clothes, tool and food rather than relying on their own or local made
 Industries that gather natural or raw materials like agricultural products, trees, minerals, and fish are called primary industries
 Secondary industries are often called manufacturing industries that produce products from primary goods such as: pots,
pans, nails, flour, canned goods and automobiles
 Tertiary industries are service industries such as banking, trade and transportation
 Canada’s trade had been based on exporting raw goods such as lumber and importing manufactured goods
 Canada’s government had a “National Policy” which taxed imports heavily trying to encourage people to buy Canadian
 New technology played an important role in the development of industry; refrigerated boxcars, telephones, typewriters,
steam driven engines, new mining technologies and electrical (especially hydroelectric) power helped the industrial boom
 Labour saving machines made work faster, easier and needed fewer people to do the work
 In the cities new machines run by steam or electricity were replacing skilled workers
 Mass production of goods meant that goods could be produced quickly and at a lower cost
 Mass media began as newspapers, magazines and books were published in large numbers at a lower cost
 1906 Ontario Hydro a government owned company was formed to encourage the use of hydro electricity
 Sam McLaughlin turned his father’s carriage company into “The McLaughlin Carriage Company” they produced reliable
carriages and dependable automobiles
 1908 Buick began placing orders with McLaughlin for car bodies and shipping engines to McLaughlin in Oshawa
 1915 McLaughlin began to make car bodies for American Chevrolet and in 1918 General Motors bought McLaughlin
 McLaughlin became president of GM Canada and Vice President of GM USA
2.5 The Growth of Big Business, Foreign Investment, and Unions pages 36-40
 Owners found that bigger factories could mass produce goods more efficiently and inexpensively
 Corporations were formed by a number of investors
 Large department stores continued to grow (T. Eaton Co. & Robert Simpson Co.) Canadians were ordering products from
catalogues instead of buying from local merchants
 Foreign investment continued; in particular from the USA with many branch plants being set up in Canada by companies that
still operate today such as: General Electric, Westinghouse, General Motors and Ford
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With the change in industry people rarely knew their employers and factory bosses were only concerned about making money
and not about the people that made it for them
To gain better pay and working conditions people began to join unions and went on strike (refusing to work) to try and gain
better working conditions
The first Child labour law was passed in Ontario in 1908 to protect children
2.6 Inequality, Intolerance, and Racism pages 41-44
 With the industrial boom there became a new Canadian population of the urban poor, cities were overcrowded
 The need for housing was more than was available, slums became a way of life with an death rate of 1 in 4 babies
 The government took no responsibility at the start the lives of the poor was left up to charities and churches
 For native peoples their lives were not improving either as they could no longer move freely and were settled on reserves,
their children were taken from them and sent to residential schools
 Natives were encouraged to give up their status and assimilate, by giving it up they could go to school, join the army, get jobs
and a better life
 Intolerance and racism also grew during this time of growth for years “preferred groups” had been recruited
 BC had the largest Asian population, in 1907 an anti-Asian riot broke out in Vancouver
 The federal government underlined its “closed door policy” towards certain groups by raising the head tax it also passed laws
limiting the entry of East Asians in 1914 when the SS Komagata Maru tried to bring over 375 East Indians to Vancouver and it
was not allowed to dock, Canada’s navy was deployed to escort the ship away
2.7 Women in the Early Twentieth Century pages 45-46
 At the beginning of the 20th century it was socially acceptable for women to work outside the home if they were unmarried
 Many poor and working class wives had to work outside the home to support the families
 Since jobs for women were supposed to be temporary women were employed in jobs that required lower skill levels
 These jobs offered fewer opportunities for women, no promotions, lower wages
 Professions such as law, medicine and engineering excluded women
 The mechanization of clerical jobs opened up this market to women because they could be paid less
 “Educate a boy and you educate a man; educate a woman and you educate a family.” P.46
 Adelaide Hunter helped to found the YWCA, National Council of Women and the Victorian Order of Nurses these
organizations all work for quality life
 Women’s suffrage groups began to take a lead in their effort to better the lives of women, children, workers and the poor, to
lobby for the right for women to vote, hold elected office and inherit property
2.8 Canada, Britain, and the Empire pages 48-52
 At the beginning of the 20th century Canada was still a part of the British Empire and Britain controlled our external affairs
while we controlled most of our internal affairs
 The British Empire controlled ¼ of the world’s land surface and ¼ of the world’s population at this time
 G.A. Henry was a popular author of the time who encouraged his readers to live a patriotic life for the Empire
 The Boer war in South Africa 1899-1902 divided many Canadians
 1885-1886 the discovery of rich gold fields brought a rush of British settlers
 The British government requested that Canada & other countries in the Empire send troops to help fight
 Over 7000 volunteers went with only 270 deaths
 The Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire an organization to support the unity of the Empire, many women served as
nurses, taught children in detainee camps and continued their efforts through the first and second world wars
2.9 Canada and the United States pages 53-56
 At the beginning of the 20th century relations between the two countries were tense, disputes over fishing, seal hunting and
the Alaska boundary dispute
 The Americans were also showing signs of imperialism as they took over Hawaii in 1898, the same year they took over Guam,
the Philippines and Puerto Rico and established a strong influence over Cuba as a result of their victory in the Spanish
American War
 The Americans were a viable threat; Britain wanted an ally not an enemy and thusly drew a line between the disputed
territories. Canadians were angered at the loss and untrusting of America and its intentions
 Reciprocity of 1911 encouraged free trade between the two countries, to build the economies of both countries while
building international relations
2.10 Images of Canada to 1914 pages 57-61
 Review pages 57 to 61 who or what do you feel are the most significant images from Canada’s past? Record your top 10