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America Becomes a World
Power
(1890 – 1915)
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Growth Of Imperialism
• Under Imperialism, stronger nations try to
create empires by __________________________________
________________________________________________________.
• The late 1800s marked the peak of European
imperialism, with most of Africa and Asia
under foreign control.
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Several factors explain the reason for
the growth of imperialism:
1. Economic Factors:
The growth of industry increased the need
for _____________________________________________.
2. Nationalistic Factors:
Competition among European nations for
large empires was the result of a rise in
nationalism.
• Nationalism – a devotion to one’s own nation.
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3. Military Factors:
Europe had better armies than Africa and
Asia, and it needed bases around the world to
____________________________________________________.
4. Humanitarian Factors:
Europeans believed that they had a duty to
spread the blessings of western civilizations
to other countries.
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By 1890, the United States was eager to join
the competition for new territory.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
To annex is to join a new territory to an existing
country.
Yet, annexation did take place.
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Expanding U.S. Interests
• The Monroe Doctrine
• Originally meant that the United States
declared itself neutral in European wars
and warned other nations to stay out of
the Western Hemisphere.
• Later, the doctrine was interpreted to
mean a more __________________ to
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
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• Seward’s Folly
• In 1867, Secretary of State William
Seward bought Alaska from
__________________________.
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• Midway Islands
• Seward bought the
uninhabited Midway
Islands for use as repairing
and refueling stations for
navy vessels in the Pacific.
• Latin America and Hawaii
• The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii
and took a more active role in
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
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Arguments for U.S. Expansion
1.Promoting Economic Growth
• ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
• The United Fruit Company invested and
gained political influence in some Central
American nations.
• These nations were called banana republics.
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2. Protecting American
Security
• _________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________.
• By 1900, the United States had one
of the most powerful navies in the
world.
3. Preserving American Spirit
• Some leaders of the day believed
that introducing Christianity and
modern civilization to less
developed nations around the
world was a
________________________________________
_______________________________________.
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The Spanish American War
The origins of the Spanish American
War were a combination of
America's genuine concern for
Spanish intervention in our
hemisphere, and the growing
political belief that in order to
become a great power, we needed to
expand our influence here, and in
the Pacific.
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Two Theaters
• The Spanish, American War was the first time
the United States
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________,
the Philippines in the Pacific, and Cuba to our
south.
• The Philippine campaign would be the first
battle fought, and waged solely at sea.
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Setting the Stage For War
By demanding that a dispute between
Venezuela and Great Britain be sent to
arbitration, the United States defended the
validity of the Monroe Doctrine.
Arbitration – the settlement of a dispute by a
person or panel chosen to listen to both sides
and come to a decision.
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• The British government backed down
because it needed to stay on friendly
terms with the United States.
• The United States became involved in the
Cuban rebellion against Spain,
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
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• _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
• This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers
but had other effects as well:
• It whipped up American public opinion in favor
of the Cuban rebels.
• It led to a burst of national pride and the desire
for an aggressive foreign policy, which became
known as jingoism.
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Steps to War
• The USS Maine was stationed in
Havana harbor.
• The Spanish Ambassador de Lôme
insulted President McKinley.
• _______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
• Congress recognized Cuban
independence and authorized force
against Spain.
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“A Splendid Little War”
• May 1, 1898: The United States launched
a surprise attack in Manila Bay and
destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in
seven hours.
• July 1: Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough
Riders up San Juan Hill.
• July 3: The United States Navy sank the
remaining Spanish ships.
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The Rough Riders
• In 1897, Theodore
Roosevelt was already a
well known national
figure.
• ______________________________.
• Vigorous patriot.
• Champion of American
values.
• And most importantly,
chief spokesman for an
______________________________
______________________________.
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• Roosevelt was appointed Assistant
Secretary of the Navy by President
McKinley.
• Oversaw the expansion and
modernization of the _______________________.
• This led to the success in Manila Bay.
• It was also “Teddy” who would be
instrumental in organizing and leading
the force that would beat
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
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The Fateful Gamble
• In the summer of 1898, Teddy agonized over his
role in the upcoming war.
• _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
• At the age of 40, he took a fateful gamble.
• He resigned from the Navy Dept. to organize and
lead a regiment of volunteers for the
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
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• Formally named the 1st United States
Volunteer Calvary, they quickly
became known as Teddy’s
______________________________________________.
• As soon as word spread that the
colorful Roosevelt was looking for
volunteers, the war office was
swamped with requests to serve.
• 23,000 applied to ride with Teddy,
about 2,000 were accepted.
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Never Before or Since
• The unit that Roosevelt assembled was
unlike anything the Army had seen before,
or since!
• They came from far and wide:
→ Princeton football players
→ ________________________________________________________
→ Aristocratic English dandies
→ ________________________________________________________
→ Polo players
→ outlaws of the Wild West
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• Picked from every state and social
background, the ideal Rough Rider
was:
• equal parts cowboy and soldier
• Men who could out ride and out
fight the Spanish every day of the
week.
• _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
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• Roosevelt assembled his men in San Antonio,
Texas, where he whipped them into
__________________________________________________________.
• Day after miserable day, they marched, rode
shot, and paraded under the scorching Texas
sun.
• Inspired by the infectiously energetic
Roosevelt, the Rough Riders gave it their all
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• It was very difficult, but within a few
short weeks together, this desperate
gang became the fierce, fearless unit that
Teddy needed in order to _________________
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
• By mid-June, they were ready.
• Teddy and his beloved Rough Riders
boarded the train for Tampa, Florida &
the Cuban invasion!
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San Juan Hill
• Once in Cuba, Spanish resistance was
fierce, and a number of Rough Riders were
killed and wounded.
• Roosevelt himself came under fire a
number of times, and earned the
nickname “Old Icebox” for his
____________________________________________________.
• On the morning of July 1, 1898, the Rough
Riders were within sight of the hills that
defended Santiago, Cuba.
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• Assigned the task of capturing the heavily
armed high ground, Teddy assembled his
troops for what he would later call, “the great
day of my life”.
• After a brief bombardment, they began their
assault.
• _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
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• At times, the advance hesitated, but Teddy
led them on, “Forward March!”, he yelled
above the crash of battle, and the Rough
Riders pushed forward.
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• At last, they gained the top of the hill, ______________
____________________________________________________________.
• Together with the many other troops of the
American force, the Rough Riders forced the
surrender of the
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
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• Victory came at a heavy price.
• ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
• However, Roosevelt and his fearless fellows had proven
their courage under fire!
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"Fighting Joe" Wheeler
_______________________________________, he was
commander of the cavalry division when the Rough
Riders landed in Cuba.
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• Captain Buckey O'Neil - A legendary
frontier sheriff from the Arizona Territory
who had the responsibility of
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
• Henry Nash - ___________________________ turned
Rough Rider whose courage at the Battle of
Kettle Hill made him a hero.
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The Treaty of Paris
• ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam,
and Puerto Rico in return for
_____________________________________________.
• The island nations then became
unincorporated territories of the
United States.
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New Challenges After the War
• The Philippines
• President McKinley’s arguments for
annexation:
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
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• The Filipinos fought a threeyear war for independence.
• The Philippines did not gain
complete independence until
_______________________________________
______________________________________.
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• Cuba
• President McKinley installed a military
government to protect American business
interests.
• Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that
did not allow for U.S. involvement.
• ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
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• The _________________________________________
remained in place until 1934.
• It allowed for U.S. naval bases on the
island and intervention whenever
necessary.
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Other Gains In the Pacific
• The United States government intervened
in other parts of the Pacific at the same
time that events played out in the
Spanish-American War.
• This intervention eventually brought
about changes in the _________________ of the
United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and
China.
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• Hawaii became increasingly important
to United States business interests.
• Hawaii also leased ________________ to the
United States as a __________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.
• In 1898, Congress approved the
annexation of Hawaii.
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• The Polynesian Islands of Samoa and
their harbor at Pago Pago were also
important to the Unites States.
• A year after the annexation of Hawaii,
the United States acquired the harbor at
Pago Pago as well.
• China’s huge population and its
_________________________________ became very
important to American trade.
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• President McKinley’s Secretary of State, John
Hay, wrote notes to the major European
powers trying to persuade them to keep an
“open door” to China.
• He wanted to ensure through his Open Door
Policy that the United States
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
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A New Foreign Policy
• The Panama Canal
• ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
• A French company had bought a 25-year concession
from Columbia to build a canal across Panama.
• Concession – a grant for a piece of land in exchange for
a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.
• Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the
company abandoned the project and offered its
remaining rights to the United States for $100 million.
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Roosevelt’s Diplomacy
- Elected in
______________________
“Speak softly and
carry a big stick
and you will go
far.”
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Roosevelt used this old African proverb
to guide his foreign policy.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine – the United States will act as
“an international police power”
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
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• Roosevelt in Latin America
• Under Roosevelt, the United States
often intervened in Latin America.
• Roosevelt in Asia
• Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open
door to trade with China.
• He won a Nobel peace prize for
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
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Foreign Policy After Roosevelt
• William
Howard
Taft
• Elected
President
in
_________________.
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• Taft believed in maintaining influence through
_____________________________________________________, not
__________________________________________________________.
• This policy was called “dollar diplomacy”.
• The United States reached new heights of
international power under Roosevelt and Taft.
• However, the policies of both Presidents also
created enemies in Latin America and a
growing international resentment of U.S.
intervention.
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• Woodrow
Wilson
• Elected in ___________
• Under Wilson, the
United States
applied more
__________________ and
legalistic standards
to foreign policy
decisions.
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Debating Imperialism
• Anti-Imperialism
• A moral and political argument:
Expansionism was a rejection of
our nation’s founding principle of
“liberty for all.”
• A racial argument: Imperialism was
just another form of
___________________________________________.
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• An economic argument: Expansion
involved _____________________________________.
• Maintaining the armed forces required
taxation, debt, and possibly even
compulsory, or required military service.
• In addition, laborers from other
countries would compete for jobs with
U.S. workers.
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• Pro-Imperialists
• Imperialism offered a ___________________
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
• A new international frontier would
keep Americans from losing their
competitive edge.
• Access to foreign markets made the
_____________________________________________.
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• In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the
Great White Fleet, part of the United
States Navy, on a cruise around the
world to demonstrate
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
• American citizens clearly saw the
advantages of having a powerful navy.
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Imperialism Voiced From Abroad
• In the Caribbean and Central America, the
United States often had to defend
governments that were unpopular with
local inhabitants.
• Many U.S. citizens in Latin America heard
the cry “Yankee, Go Home!”
• Even before the completion of the Panama
Canal, the Panamanians began to complain
that they suffered from discrimination.
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• However, many countries also
_________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
• The Untied States was both
_________________________________________________
in other countries.
• The American government still
struggles to reconcile its great power
and national interests with its
relationships with other nations.
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Buzzwords:
• Bonehead –
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
• Garage – the shelter or storage facility for an
automobile
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever – a disease from
ticks found in the Rocky Mountains; it causes pain,
fever, and spotty red skin blemishes.
• Scrimmage line – imaginary line in football on which
the ball sits at the beginning of each play.
• Turtleneck – a high collar that folds over and fits
snuggly around the neck.
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Interesting Facts:
• Beatrix Potter wrote The Tale of Peter
Rabbit in 1900 at the age of 27
• The first World Series was played in 1903
between Boston and Pittsburgh.
• Boston took the series 5 games to 3.
• The World Series has been played every since
except 1904 and 1994
• ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Famous Firsts!
• American Bowling tournament held in
Chicago
• Coast to coast crossing of America by car
(65 days)
• __________________________________________________
• American Olympics at St. Louis
• Woman arrested for smoking in public
• Mother’s Day (May 10, 1908 - - declared a Nat’l
Holiday in 1915)
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Famous Firsts!
• _________________________________________________________
• black world heavyweight boxing champion, Jack
Johnson
• permanent hair waves
• air-conditioned factory
• car to be driven faster than 1 mile per hour
• Tournament of Roses in Pasadena
• ice-cream cones
• Bible placed in hotel rooms
• movie made in Los Angeles
• electric washing machine
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Facts About the Three Presidents of
this Time
• William McKinley
• 25th President
• Years in office: 1897 –
1901
• Party: ___________________
• Born: 1843 → Died: 1901
• Home State: Ohio
• First Lady: Ida Saxton
• Education: Briefly
attended Allegheny
College
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Facts About the Three Presidents of this
Time
• Theodore Roosevelt
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
__________________________________
Years in office: 1901 – 1909
Party: Republican
Born: 1858 → Died: 1919
Home State: New York
First Lady: A. Lee & E. Carow
Education: Graduated from
Harvard College in 1880
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Facts About the Three Presidents of this
Time
• William Howard Taft
• 27th President
• _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
• Party: Republican
• Born: 1857 → Died: 1930
• Home State: Ohio
• First Lady: Helen Herron
• Education: Graduated
from Yale University
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