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What was the main foreign policy of the
United States during the Cold War?
Chapter 16; Section 2
The Cold War Abroad and at Home
Marshall Plan
Program of American economic assistance
to Western Europe, announced in 1947
Berlin Airlift
Supply of West Berlin by American and
British planes during a Soviet blockade in
1948-1949
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
Alliance between the U.S., Canada and
Western European nations formed in 1949
collective security
Policy in which nations agree to protect one
another against attack
Warsaw Pact
Military alliance between the Soviet Union
and nations of Eastern Europe, formed in
1955
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee;
congressional committee that investigated
Communist influence in the U.S. in the
1940s and 1950s
Hollywood Ten
Group of people in the film industry who
were jailed for refusing to answer
congressional questions regarding
Communist influence in Hollywood
blacklist
list that is circulated among employers,
containing names of persons who should
not be hired
McCarran-Walter Act
1952 immigration law that discriminated
against potential immigrants from Asia
and Southern and Central Europe
Main Idea
As the Cold War intensified, American
policy focused on rebuilding and
unifying Western Europe. At home,
emotionally charged spy cases raised
fears of Communist infiltration into
American society and government.
WWII devastated the continent
of Europe
•21 million people became
homeless
industries, transportation and
agriculture were in ruins
Turning Point: The Marshall Plan
United States wanted to help create
stable democracies and achieve economic
recovery
Marshall Plan - called for the nations of Europe
to draw up a program for economic recovery.
-The U.S. would support this program with
$$$$$$.
*Secretary of State George C. Marshall (1947)
*Plan hoped to support the growth of
democracies and open new markets for
American goods.
*Soviet Union invited to participate
* 17 Western European nations joined:
Austria Belgium Denmark
France
Greece Iceland
Ireland Italy
Netherlands Switzerland Norway Portugal
Sweden Turkey
United
Kingdom
West
Germany
-->approved in 1948 and known as
the Economic Recovery Program
-->U.S. sent around $ 13 billion in
aid to restore Western Europe
The Berlin Airlift
American, British and French
leaders merged their zones to
create the Federal Republic of
Germany (West Germany)
Soviets formed German
Democratic Republic (East
Germany) in 1949
Berlin was divided between West
(Capitalist) and East (Communist)
Many wanted to escape Soviet
occupied Berlin
Stalin blocked the escape route to
West Berlin
Shipments of supplies were blocked
from entering West Berlin
*Food shortages to 2.5 million
people
Berlin Airlift - Truman ordered supplies to
be dropped into West Berlin by plane
*Continued for 15 months (over 200,000
flights)
*delivered food, fuel, and other supplies
Soviets gave up the blockade
in May 1949 and the
blockade ended
NATO
Western Europe needed more
than the United Nations to
protect itself from the Soviets
*Idea came from Canadian Foreign
Minister Louis St. Laurent
*needed an “association of
democratic peace-loving states”
April 1949 - NATO formed (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization)
-->agreed that “an armed attack against
one or more of them...shall be considered
an attack against them all”
United Canada
States
Italy
Belgium
Britain
Denmark France
Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Iceland
NATO
Portugal
Collective security - Mutual military
assistance
Warsaw Pact formed by Soviets as a
reaction to NATO military alliance
with satellite nations in Eastern
Europe)
USSR
Czechoslovakia
East
Romania
Germany
Poland
Albania
Bulgaria
Hungary
Warsaw Pact
Q: Why did Western Europe feel that the United Nations
was inadequate to protect against Soviet aggression?
Because the Soviet
Union often used its
veto power at the UN
Communist Advances
Soviet nuclear threat
*U.S/Truman approved development of a
hydrogen bomb (1950)
-Tested in 1952
-U.S. held position as world’s
leading nuclear power
Federal Civil Defense Administration
*Formed to educate people on how to
survive a nuclear attack
- bomb shelters, air raid drills
China Falls to the Communists
Long history of conflict
Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong
1949 - Peking, China (capital at time) and
Jieshi fell to Communists
Mao created People’s Republic of China
Jieshi and followers went to Taiwan as the
Republic of China
--Received American support
Q: Why was the fall of China seen as a crisis?
Because of China’s
influence in Asia
The Cold War at Home
“Red scare” created conspiracy theories
about Americans with Communist ties
Anyone who ever had Communist ties
were persecuted
The Loyalty Program
Established by Truman in 1947 for federal
employees
All employees hired would be investigated
*Accusations alone were a guilty conviction
HUAC
House Un-American Activities
Committee (1938)
investigated mostly Hollywood movie
industry
The Hollywood Ten
Fall 1947 - HUAC called
Hollywood writers, directors,
actors and
producers to testify
Are you now or have you ever
been a member of the
Communist party??
Hollywood Ten were cited for
contempt and put in jail
-- Blacklist created (list of people
who employers agree not to hire)
*Films became focused on
entertainment only, not social
problems
The McCarran-Walter Act
Democrat Pat McCarran led a hunt for Communists
in America
Act passed in 1952 establishing a quota for each
country and discriminated against potential
immigrants from Asia and Central/Eastern Europe.
*President Truman vetoed the bill but Congress
passed it
Spy Cases Inflame the Nation
Alger Hiss accused by Whittaker
Chambers
--Hiss went to prison for four
years
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg accused of
passing atomic secrets to Soviets
during WWII
--convicted of espionage and executed
in 1953
How did Communist advances affect
American foreign policy?
How did NATO demonstrate the principle of
collective security?
How did the Cold War affect American life at
home?
How did spy cases affect Americans’ perception
of a Communist threat in society?