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OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 20
Democracy and Empire
1870-1900
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Part One:
Introduction
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Chapter Focus Questions
How did the growth of federal and state governments
and the consolidation of the modern two-party system
reshape the meaning of citizenship in the Gilded Age?
How and why did workers and farmers organize to
participate in politics during this era?
In what ways did the election of 1896 represent a
turning point in U.S. political history?
What explains the turn of the United States toward
imperialist ventures in the late nineteenth century?
Why did the United States go to war with Spain in
1898 an with what results?
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Part Two:
American Communities
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American Communities
On January 17, 1893, the queen of Hawaii was deposed by
an American diplomat.
Lili’uokalani protested to President Grover Cleveland and
he reinstated her as queen and declared the independent
republic of Hawaii.
When McKinley became president he immediately annexed
Hawaii.
Hawaii was a steppingstone to Asian markets.
The path to empire made major changes in government and
the party system.
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Part Three:
Toward A National
Governing Class
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The Growth of Government
The size and scope of government at all
levels grew rapidly during the gilded age.
New employees, agencies, and
responsibilities changed the character of
government.
Taxes increased as local governments
assumed responsibility for providing such
vital services as police, fire protection,
water, schools, and parks.
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The Machinery of Politics
The federal government developed its
departmental bureaucracy.
Power resided in Congress and the state
legislatures.
The two political parties only gradually
adapted to the demands of the new era.
Offices were filled by the spoils system that
rewarded friends of the winning party.
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In 1888, Grover Cleveland, with his running mate, Allen G. Thurman, led a spirited campaign
for reelection to the presidency. Although he played up his strong record on civil service reform
and tariff reduction, Cleveland, an incumbent, lost the election to his Republican challenger,
Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland tallied the greatest number of popular votes, but Harrison easily
won in the Electoral College by a margin of 233 to 168. In this lithograph campaign poster, the
Democratic ticket invokes the legacy of Thomas Jefferson and the patriotism of Uncle Sam.
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The Spoils System and Civil Service
Reform
In 1885, Congress passed the Pendleton Civil
Service Reform Act that created the civil service
system and a professional bureaucracy.
A system of standards was developed for certain federal
jobs.
This effort paralleled similar efforts at professionalism
in other fields.
The legislative branch was also given a more
active role in government under the Circuit Court
of Appeals Act of 1891.
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Part Four:
Farmers and Workers
Organize Their Communities
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The Grange
The Grange formed in the 1870s by farmers in the
Great Plains and South who suffered boom and bust
conditions and natural disasters.
Grangers blamed hard times on a band of “thieves in
the night,” especially railroads, and pushed through
laws regulating shipping rates and other farm costs.
Grangers created their own grain elevators and set up
retail stores for farm machinery.
The depression of the late 1870s wiped out most of
these programs.
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The symbols chosen by
Grange artists represented
their faith that all social value
could be traced to honest
labor and most of all to the
work of the entire farm family.
The hardworking American
required only the
enlightenment offered by the
Grange to build a better
community.
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The Farmers’ Alliance
In the late 1880s, Texas farmers formed the
National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union, in
cooperation with the Colored Alliance. The
Alliance sought to:
Northern Plains farmer organizations soon joined
the Alliance.
By 1890, the Alliance was a major power in
several states demanding a series of economic
reforms.
Chart: Falling Price of Wheat Flour, 1865-1900
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Figure 20.1 Falling
Price of Wheat
Flour, 1865-1900
The falling price of
wheat was often
offset by increased
productivity, giving
farmers a steady, if
not higher, income.
Nevertheless, in the
short term farmers
often carried more
debt and faced
greater risk, both
factors in sparking
the populists protest
by the end of the
century.
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Workers Search for Power
Workers organized stronger unions that
increasingly resorted to strikes and created labor
parties.
Henry George ran for mayor of New York on the
United Labor Party ticket and finished a
respectable second.
In the late 1880s, labor parties won seats on
numerous city councils and in state legislatures in
industrial areas where workers outnumbered other
classes.
Map: Strikes by State, 1880
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MAP 20.1 Strikes by State, 1880 Most strikes after the Uprising of 1877 could be
traced to organized trades, concentrated in the manufacturing districts of the
Northeast and Midwest.
SOURCE: Carville Earle, Geographical Inquiry and American Historical Problems (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,1992).
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The Great Uprising of 1877, which began as a strike of railroad workers, spread rapidly to
communities along the railroad routes. Angry crowds defied the armed militia and the vigilantes
hired to disperse them. In Philadelphia, for example, strikers set fire to the downtown, destroying
many buildings before federal troops were brought in to stop them. More than a hundred people
died before the strike ended, and the railroad corporations suffered a $10 million loss in property.
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Women Build Alliances
Women actively shaped labor and agrarian protest.
Women were active members in the Knights of Labor,
Grange and Alliances.
The greatest female leader was Frances E. Willard,
who:
was president of the Women’s Christian Temperance
Union
By 1890 she had mobilized 200,000 paid members in
the largest organization of women in the world.
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Frances E. Willard (1839-1898)
became a full-time activist for the
national Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU) in
1874. From 1879 until her death,
she served as president, pushing
the organization to expand its
interests beyond temperance
under the rubric of her “doeverything” policy. Under her
leadership, the WCTU established
39 departments promoting a wide
array of reform causes ranging
from the establishment of free
kindergartens to the prohibition of
the manufacture of cigarettes.
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Populism and the People’s Party
Between 1890 and 1892, the Farmers’ Alliance, the
Knights of Labor, the National Colored Farmers’
Alliance and other organizations formed the People’s
Party.
The People’s Party platform called for:
government ownership of railroads, banks, and the telegraph
the eight-hour day
the graduated income tax, and other reforms
Though the party lost the 1892 presidential race,
Populists elected three governors, ten congressional
representatives, and five senators.
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Part Five:
The Crisis of the 1890s
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Financial Collapse and Depression
In 1893, the collapse of the nation’s major rail lines
precipitated a major depression.
Full recovery was not achieved until the early 1900s.
Unemployment soared and many suffered great hardships.
Tens of thousands took to the road in search of work or food.
Jacob Coxey called for a march on Washington to demand
relief through public works programs.
“Coxey’s Army” was greeted warmly by most communities on
the way to Washington.
The attorney general, who was a former lawyer for a railroad
company, conspired to stop the march.
Police clubbed and arrested the marchers for trespassing on the
grass in Washington.
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After five weeks the main body of Coxey’s Army reached Washington, DC, where
on May 1, 1894, the leaders were immediately arrested for trespassing on
government property. Fifty years later, on May 1, 1944, the ninety-year-old Coxey
finally gave his speech advocating public works programs on the steps of the
nation’s capitol.
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Strikes: Coeur d’Alene, Homestead,
and Pullman
Strikes were sparked by wage cuts.
In Idaho, a violence-plagued strike was broken by federal
and state troops.
The hard times precipitated a bloody confrontation at
Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead steel plant.
A major strike in Pullman, Illinois:
spread throughout the nation’s railroad system
ended with the arrest of Eugene Debs
resulted in bitter confrontations between federal troops and
workers in Chicago and other cities.
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The popular magazine Harper’s Weekly published this illustration of workers
and their families protesting the use of a private security force at the
Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania, in July 1892.
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The Social Gospel
A “social gospel” movement led by ministers such as
Washington Gladden, called for churches to fight against
social injustice.
Charles M. Sheldon urged readers to rethink their actions by
asking: “What would Jesus do?”
The Catholic Church endorsed the right of workers to form
trade unions.
Immigrant Catholic groups urged priests to ally with the
labor movement.
Women’s religious groups such as the YWCA (Young
Women’s Christian Association) strove to provide services
for poor women.
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Part Six:
Politics of Reform,
Politics of Order
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The Free Silver Issue
Grover Cleveland won the 1892 election by
capturing the traditional Democratic Solid South
and German voters alienated by Republican
nativist appeals.
When the economy collapsed in 1893,
government figures concentrated on
longstanding currency issues to provide a
solution.
The debate was over hard money backed by
gold or soft money backed by silver.
Cleveland favored a return to the gold standard,
losing much popular support.
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Populism’s Last Campaign
The hard times strengthened the Populists, who were
silver advocates.
They recorded strong gains in 1894.
But in 1896, when the Democrats nominated William
Jennings Bryan as a champion of free silver, Populists
decided to run a fusion ticket of Bryan and Tom Watson.
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The Election of 1896
Republicans ran William McKinley as a safe alternative
to Bryan.
Map: Election of 1896
Bryan won 46% of the vote but failed to carry the
Midwest, West Coast, and Upper South.
Traditional Democratic groups like Catholics were
uncomfortable with Bryan and voted Republican.
The Populists disappeared.
McKinley promoted a mixture of pro-business and
expansionist foreign policies.
The return to prosperity after 1898 insured continued
Republican control.
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MAP 20.2 Election of 1896
Democratic candidate William
Jennings Bryan carried most of
rural America but could not
over-come Republican William
McKinley’s stronghold in the
populous industrial states.
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This Republican campaign poster of
1896 depicts William McKinley
standing on sound money and
promising a revival of prosperity. The
depression of the 1890s shifted the
electorate into the Republican
column.
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Nativism and Jim Crow
Chart: African American Representation in Congress,
1867-1900
Neither McKinley nor Bryan addressed the increased
racism and nativism throughout the nation.
Nativists blamed foreign workers for hard times and
considered them unfit for democracy.
White supremacy was established as the political force
in the South.
Southern whites enacted a system of legal segregation
and disenfranchised blacks, approved by the Supreme
Court.
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FIGURE 20.2 African American Representation in Congress, 1867–
1900 Black men served in the U.S. Congress from 1870 until 1900. All
were Republicans.
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Seeing History The White
Man’s Burden.
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Nativism and Jim Crow
Racial violence escalated.
Between 1882 and 1900 lynchings usually exceeded a
hundred each year.
They were announced in newspapers and became public
spectacles.
Railroads offered special excursion prices to people
traveling to attend lynchings.
Ida B. Wells launched a one-woman anti-lynching
crusade.
Reformers abandoned their traditional support for black
rights and accepted segregation and
disenfranchisement.
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Part Seven:
The Path to Imperialism
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“All the World’s a Fair”
The Chicago World’s Fair:
showed how American products might be
marketed throughout the world
reinforced a sense of stark contrast between
civilized Anglo-Saxons and savage people of
color.
It attracted 27 million visitors.
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“The Imperialism of Righteousness”
Clergymen like Josiah Strong urged Americans to help
Christianize and civilize the world.
After the Civil War, missionary activity increased
throughout the non-western world.
College campuses blazed with missionary excitement.
The YMCA and YWCA embarked on a worldwide crusade to reach
non-Christians.
Missionaries helped generate public interest in foreign lands
and laid the groundwork for economic expansion.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, women represented 60 percent of the
American missionary force in foreign lands. This photograph shows two Methodist
women using “back chairs,” a traditional form of transportation, at Mount Omei in
Szechwan, China.
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The Quest for Empire
Map: The American Domain, ca. 1900
Beginning in the late 1860s, the United States began
expanding overseas.
Secretary of State William Henry Seward launched the
nation’s Pacific empire by buying Alaska.
The U.S. policy emphasized economic control, particularly
in Latin America.
During the 1880s and 1890s, the United States strengthened
its navy and began playing an increased role throughout the
Western Hemisphere and the Pacific.
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MAP 20.3 The American Domain, ca. 1900 The United States claimed numerous
islands in the South Pacific and intervened repeatedly in Latin America to secure its
own economic interests.
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Brought to power with the
assistance of American
businessmen, Queen Lili’uokalani
sought to limit outsider influence.
American Marines, Christian
missionaries, and sugar planters
joined in 1893 to drive her from her
throne. A century later, the U.S.
government apologized to native
Hawaiians for this illegal act.
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Part Eight:
Onto a Global Stage
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A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba
A movement to gain independence from Spain began
in the 1860s.
Americans sympathized with Cuban revolutionaries.
The Spanish were imposing harsh taxes.
By 1895, public interest in Cuban affairs grew, spurred on
by grisly horror stories of Spanish treatment of
revolutionaries.
McKinley had held off intervention, but public clamor
grew following an explosion on the USS Maine.
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A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba
Map: The Spanish-American War
The United States smashed Spanish power in what John
Hay called “a splendid little war.”
The Platt Amendment protected U. S. interests and
acknowledged its unilateral right to intervene in Cuban
affairs.
This amendment paved the way for U.S. domination of
Cuba’s sugar industry and provoked anti-American
sentiments among Cuban nationals.
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MAP 20.4 The Spanish-American War In two theaters of action, the United States
used its naval power adeptly against a weak foe.
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War in the Philippines
Initially, Filipino rebels welcomed American troops
in their fight against Spain.
After the United States intended to annex their
country, they turned against their former allies.
Between 1899 and 1902, Americans fought a war
that led to the death of one in every five Filipinos.
Supporters defended the war as bringing freedom and
government to the Filipinos.
Critics wondered if the U.S. could build an empire
without sacrificing its democratic spirit.
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“Uncle Sam Teaches the
Art of Self-Government,”
editorial cartoon, 1898.
Expressing a popular
sentiment of the time, a
newspaper cartoonist
shows the rebels as
raucous children who
constantly fight among
themselves and need to
be brought into line by
Uncle Sam. The Filipino
leader, Emilio Aguinaldo,
appears as a dunce for
failing to learn properly
from the teacher. The two
major islands where no
uprising took place,
Puerto Rico and Hawai’i,
appear as passive but
exotically dressed
women, ready to learn
their lessons.
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Critics of Empire
The Filipino war stimulated the founding of an
Anti-Imperialist League that denounced the war
and territorial annexation in no uncertain terms.
Critics cited democratic and racists reasons for
anti-imperialism.
Most Americans put aside their doubts and
welcomed the new era of aggressive nationalism.
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Part Nine:
Conclusion
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