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Human Physiology Notes • Each system is composed of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. • Cells: basic unit of structure and function in living things 2 Types of Cells are: • Prokaryotes=have no nucleus nor organelles ex. Bacteria • Eukaryotes= have nucleus & organelles ex. All other living organisms Tissues: a group of cells used to perform a single function 1. Epithelial: glands and tissues that cover internal and external surfaces 2. Connective: provides support for the body and its parts 3. Nervous: transmits nerve impulses(messages) throughout the body 4. Muscular: enables the body to move. • Organs: a group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single function. • Organ system: a group of organs that perform closely related functions. Digestive System FUNCTION: help convert food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. 2 Types of changes occur • Physical Changes: break down food into smaller parts • Chemical Changes: enzymes used to break down food. • Mouth: responsible for mechanical digestion (breakdown) of food • Teeth: Chews food into smaller parts •Tongue: Mixes food with saliva (amylase)that breaks down starch (amylose)=by HYDROLYSIS • Esophagus: moves food to stomach by peristalsis, muscular contractions, • Stomach: Beginning of chemical digestion; mixes food with more enzymes & HCl and churns (grinds) food. • Small intestine: contains finger-like projections called intestinal villi that absorbs nutrients from food • Intestinal villi: Folded to increase surface area in intestine for more absorption of food • Large Intestine: Removes water from undigested • Rectum: Storage of undigested food • Anus: posterior opening where undigested food is excreted. Additional Organs Needed: • Liver: makes bile (breaks down fat); storage of glycogen (blood sugar = glucose) • Gallbladder: stores bile made by the liver & is used to break down fats (lipids) • Pancreas: secretes insulin (lower glucose levels-by condensation) & glucagon (to raise glucose levels-by hydrolysis) Respiratory System: FUNCTION: exchanging of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood, air & tissues. (cells) • Nose: has hairs that blocks or traps dust and unwanted objects • Nasal Cavity: warms airs and acids and adds moisture as it enters. • Epiglottis: flap that closes over trachea during swallowing to keep food out of lungs • Trachea: tube that carries air from the nasal chamber to the bronchi. • Bronchi: short tubes that carries air from the trachea to the lungs • Lungs: main organ of respiratory system; contains tiny air sacs and capillaries where oxygen moves into blood and carbon dioxide moves out • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs: site of gas exchange by diffusion Human Nervous System FUNCTION: controls and coordinates functions throughout the body; responds to internal and external stimuli. Transmits biochemical signals (neurotransmitters) through the nerve cells (neurons); used to transmit impulses • Main part: Neuron (nerve cell); Nervous system is broken down into two parts: 1. Central nervous System (CNS): brain and the spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All the nerves in the nerves in the body. • The Nervous System also controls your senses: (vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch) • Cerebrum (voluntary): Controls thought, reason, senses, personality • Cerebellum (involuntary): maintains balance; makes smooth movement • Medulla (involuntary): controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure • Reflex-Arc Pathwaytransmission of impulses; Receptor------sensory Neuron--motor Neuron-------Effector. Endocrine System FUNCTION: made up of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream: hormones act as messengers in the body. • Hormones (chemicals) are released into the circulatory system (blood) • Pituitary: releases hormones that controls growth; makes hormones that effect kidney and sex organs. (master gland). • Thyroid: makes thyroxine, controls how fast cells use food (metabolism) The main hormones produced by the pituitary are:ACTH � adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH � antidiuretic hormone, or vasopressin FSH � folliclestimulating hormone GH � growth hormone LH � luteinizing hormone PRL � prolactin TSH � thyroidstimulating hormone • Parathroid: controls balance of calcium • Adrenal Gland: helps the body in time of stress (adrenaline) • Pancreas: controls amount of sugar (glucose) in blood • Ovaries: controls female traits (estrogen and progesterone) • Testes: controls male traits (testosterone) Excretory System FUNCTION: maintains homeostasis by removing waste products from the blood, maintains blood pH, water content , etc • Kidneys: filters blood and removes waste (urea); the chief is ammonia NH3 • Nephron: is the functional subunit of kidney • Adrenal Gland: sits on top of the kidneys (produces adrenaline) • Ureter: tube leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder • Urinary Bladder: sac that holds the urine. • Urethra: opening at the posterior end of bladder; where urine is excreted Circulatory System FUNCTION: transports oxygen, nutrients and waste throughout the body; Includes: heart, blood, and blood vessels • Heart: muscular structure that pumps the blood. • Blood vessels: includes arteries (blood away from the heart), veins (blood towards the heart), capillaries (smallest vessels). • Blood: made up of blood cells made in the bone marrow. Flow of blood throughout the heart • Right Atrium: blood enters heart from the vena cava (vein) • Right Ventricle: blood enters here from the right atrium through biscupid valve and goes to lungs by Pulmonary Artery. • Lungs: CO2 is removed O2 is picked up • Pulmonary Vein: brings oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs • Left Atrium: oxygenated blood enters here • Left Ventricle: oxygenated blood moves to the Aorta (artery) • Aorta: large artery; takes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body Overview of blood flow: RA---RV--Lungs----LA------LV----Aorta Parts of Blood : 2 Types of Blood cells: • (RBC): carry oxygen (hemoglobin); if low person feels tired • WBC: fight infections in the body; also known as leukocytes, phagocytes, macrophages. • Lymphocytes: special WBCs that produce antibodies Additional Blood Components: • Platelets: responsible for blood clotting (contains Factor VIII protein and associated with hemophilia) • Plasma: watery portion of the blood Lymphatic System FUNCTION: Immune System, filters out disease causing problems Main part: Lymph Nodes Skeletal System FUNCTION: supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movements, stores minerals (calcium etc); and site of blood cell formation: • 206 bones in the body • Axial Skeleton: supports head, back, & chest. • Appendicular Skeleton: limb bones (arms & legs) • Joints: immovable (skull), ball and socket (shoulder), Hinge (knee/elbow), pivot (neck/forearm) Saddle/Gliding (wrist/ankle) • Ligaments: connects bone to bone; Tendons: connects bone to muscle Muscular System 3Types Of Muscle • skeletal: movement of bones • smooth; involuntary movement of organs • Cardiac: found only in the heart Integumentary System: FUNCTION: serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps maintain homeostasis, removes waste products from the body and protects against UV radiation • Includes : skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands Reproductive System FUNCTION: responsible for the continuity of life, produces gametes (sperm and egg) by Meiosis – leads to more variation • Embryonic development –