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Reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Many aquatic (water) animals like fish & amphibians (frogs & toads) Egg and sperm (gametes) fuse outside the female’s body Mostly in water Terrestrial (land) organisms like insects, mammals, reptiles Egg and sperm (gametes) fuse inside the moist female reproductive tract – more protected! Mostly on land Most fish and amphibians Offspring develops in an egg outside the female’s body Birds and Reptiles Offspring develops in an egg outside the female’s body video Humans, bears, canines, cats, rabbits, mice, etc An umbilical cord carries nutrients and oxygen to offspring throughout its development Kangaroos, koalas, etc Offspring is born underdeveloped and continues its development in a pouch The Human Reproductive System Life Process: Reproduction (not necessary for the individual’s survival, but for the species survival!) Functions of the MALE system: 1) Secrete fluids that nourish and protect sperm from the acidic female reproductive tract! 2) Produce the male gamete----- sperm! 3) Produce testosterone! Functions of the FEMALE system: 1) Provide a location for the implantation and development of a zygote & fetus 2) Produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone 3) Produce a placenta and umbilical cord! VIDEO VIDEO 2 Where sperm obtain their ability to swim Produces an alkaline (basic) substance to neutralize the female’s acidic reproductive tract Urinary Bladder Seminal Vesicle Prostate Carries urine and semen out of the body Urethra Penis Adaptation for internal fertilization on land! Rectum Epididymis Releases mucus / produces semen testis Sperm fully mature and are stored here Scrotum – temp is 1-3 degrees lower than body temp Bulbourethral Gland/ Cowper’s Gland Vas deferens Carries sperm to the penis - Site of fertilization, egg travels down this tube to the uterus FALLOPIAN TUBE (OVIDUCT) OVARY – Contains follicles which mature into eggs, produces estrogen BLADDER UTERUS – lining thickens each month to support a zygote, site of implantation and development of the fetus! Produces the placenta and umbilical cord! URETHRA RECTUM VAGINA CERVIX - Sperm are deposited here - Entryway to the during sexual reproduction uterus VIDEO Uterine lining is shed (the “period”) The follicle containing the egg is stimulated to enlarge & mature A mature egg is released into the fallopian tube from the ovary The empty follicle becomes the “corpus luteum” (“yellow body”) and releases progesterone to thicken uterine lining) • • • • • • • • • Mor – Mass Ula – small one Gastru – stomach cavity Zygous – yoked Blast – hollow Cleav – break or separate Endo – inner Meso – middle Ecto - outer Cleavage begins Zygote Fertilization IMPLANTATION OVARY OVULATION • Fertilization – Sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote in the fallopian tube • Implantation – after a few days, the embryo imbeds itself in the uterine wall, stimulating the placenta to develop • Gastrulation – the three germ layers form: – Endoderm – innermost: Digestive Tract, Respiratory System, Glands – Ectoderm – outermost: skin, hair, nails, brain / nervous system – Mesoderm – middle layer: Bones, cartilage, circulatory system, excretory system, muscle, gonads Differentiation – Stem cells begin to specialize into specific cells/tissues Fertilization and Early Development ACROSOME BODY Tail Fiber MITOCHONDRIA HEAD (Contains DNA) OVUM (EGG) VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 Flagella Twinning Identical Twins: • 1 sperm fertilizes 1 egg, which later separates (genetically identical) Fraternal Twins: • 2 separate eggs are fertilized by 2 separate sperm (offspring NOT genetically identical) Conjoined Twins, Abby & Brittany Hensel BrainPOP | Fetal Development After 2 weeks of development, the zygote becomes more developed connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange connects the developing fetus to the placenta A membrane holding fluid that protects fetus from shock Important for proper development of limbs and lungs *BABY AND MOTHER’S BLOOD DO NOT MIX! Factors That Affect Prenatal Development • Insidermedicine In Depth - February 9, 2010 Fetal Growth – YouTube • The fetus may be exposed to many environmental factors that DIFFUSE across the placenta • MUTAGENS like asbestos, x-rays, or formaldehyde can cause mutations in the developing fetus! • Other toxic materials like alcohol and cigarette smoke can cause birth defects and low birth weight as well! • Body Snatchers HOLLOW Fertilized Egg (ZYGOTE) MORULA (Cleavage = Cells divide) BLASTULA Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Early GASTRULA Late GASTRULA DIFFERENTIATION – When cells begin to become different from one another & specialize their functions Events of human development 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sperm and egg /ovum join in the oviduct/fallopian tube: FERTILIZATION The fertilized egg is called a ZYGOTE The zygote moves down the fallopian tube toward the uterus and divides many times: CLEAVAGE With in the next 2 weeks, the zygote will become an EMBRYO, and continue to divide The embryo implants itself into the uterine lining and GASTRULATES (hollows out) The embryo starts to form distinctive specialized layers, beginning the process of DIFFERENTIATION & GROWTH 7. The embryo develops its umbilical cord and PLACENTA, where DIFFUSION of nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus occurs 8. During GESTATION (time in the womb), the fetus is protected from shock by the fluid-filled AMNION. 9. As the fetus grows larger, it may be exposed to many environmental factors that DIFFUSE across the placenta 10. MUTAGENS like asbestos, x-rays, or formaldehyde can cause mutations in the developing fetus! 11. Other toxic materials like alcohol and cigarette smoke can cause birth defects and low birth weight as well! (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) Chicken Egg - Internal Fertilization, External Development Yolk Sac – provides nutrition for growing embryo Types of Asexual Reproduction • Produce identical offspring from only one single parent • Offspring are identical to parent due to mitotic divisions (mitosis ONLY) BrainPOP | Asexual Reproduction 1._______ – Organism divides in half (EQUALLY), resulting in 2 new organisms – Unicellular organisms 2._______ – Similar to fission but cytoplasmic division is unequal – Unicellular (yeast) & multicellular (hydra) 3._______ – Parent releases spores (special reproductive cells) Microscopic – New offspring develop with right temp & moisture 4._______ – Development of entire new organism from part of original organism – Also refers to replacement of lost structure – Ex. starfish 5._______ – New plants can develop from roots, stems, or leaves of the parent plant – Cuttings of a plant, tubers of a potato, runners of strawberry pants 6._______ – An unfertilized egg develops into a new individual – Occurs in some insects and arthropods • • • • • • Vegetative Propagation Parthenogenesis Sporulation Binary Fission Regeneration Budding Structure of a Flower BrainPOP | Pollination -The flower is a specialized structure for sexual reproduction - Bright petals/scent attracts pollinators!! STAMEN Filament Anther PISTIL Stigma Ovary Style Filament – supports the anther Anther – Produces pollen grains/sperm (GAMETES) Ovary – fertilization occurs here, contains ovules(GAMETES), develops into the FRUIT!! Style – carries pollen to the ovary Stigma – receives pollen (sticky) Petals Sepals Calyx Stem Petal – brightly colored to attract pollinators Sepals – support the petals • Maple Copters - YouTube Characterized by a permanent ending of the menstrual cycle Menopause The outermost germ layer of an embryo Ectoderm Three accessory glands that produce semen/prepare sperm to leave body Cowper’s (bulbourethral) Prostate Seminal Vesicle Fertilization occurs here Fallopian tube Two human hormones that control the female reproductive cycle Progesterone Estrogen The male sex hormone is produced in the Testes True or false? Mother’s blood mixes with fetal blood to transfer vital nutrients and remove waste products FALSE!!! These materials are tranferred through diffusion! Blood doesn’t mix Put the following in order fetus, blastula, gastrula, zygote, embryo, fertilization When stem cells begin to specialize, this is called… differentiation Most fish have___________ fertilization and ________________ development! External, external Most birds have ____________ fertilization and _________ development Internal, external What type of asexual development is this? What is a reproductive adaptation for reproduction on land? Penis Sperm Fallopian tube ovary Which stage of the female reproductive cycle is characterized by the development of a “yellow body” which releases excess hormones to the uterus? Luteal phase!