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Reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Many aquatic (water) animals
like fish & amphibians (frogs
& toads)
Egg and sperm
(gametes) fuse
outside the female’s
body
Mostly in water
Terrestrial (land) organisms
like insects, mammals,
reptiles
Egg and sperm
(gametes) fuse inside
the moist female
reproductive tract –
more protected!
Mostly on land
Most fish and amphibians
Offspring develops
in an egg outside the
female’s body
Birds and Reptiles
Offspring develops
in an egg outside the
female’s body
video
Humans, bears, canines,
cats, rabbits, mice, etc
An umbilical cord carries
nutrients and oxygen to
offspring throughout its
development
Kangaroos, koalas, etc
Offspring is born
underdeveloped and
continues its development
in a pouch
The Human Reproductive System
Life Process: Reproduction (not necessary for the
individual’s survival, but for the species survival!)
Functions of the MALE system:
1) Secrete fluids that nourish and protect sperm
from the acidic female reproductive tract!
2) Produce the male gamete----- sperm!
3) Produce testosterone!
Functions of the FEMALE system:
1) Provide a location for the implantation and
development of a zygote & fetus
2) Produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone
3) Produce a placenta and umbilical cord!
VIDEO
VIDEO 2
Where sperm obtain
their ability to swim
Produces an alkaline (basic)
substance to neutralize the female’s
acidic reproductive tract
Urinary Bladder
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate
Carries urine and
semen out of the
body Urethra
Penis
Adaptation for
internal
fertilization on
land!
Rectum
Epididymis
Releases mucus / produces
semen
testis
Sperm fully mature
and are stored here
Scrotum – temp is
1-3 degrees lower
than body temp
Bulbourethral
Gland/ Cowper’s
Gland
Vas deferens
Carries sperm to the
penis
- Site of fertilization, egg travels
down this tube to the uterus
FALLOPIAN TUBE
(OVIDUCT)
OVARY – Contains follicles
which mature into eggs,
produces estrogen
BLADDER
UTERUS
– lining thickens each month
to support a zygote, site of
implantation
and
development
of the fetus!
Produces the
placenta and
umbilical
cord!
URETHRA
RECTUM
VAGINA
CERVIX
- Sperm are deposited here
- Entryway to the
during sexual reproduction
uterus
VIDEO
Uterine lining is shed
(the “period”)
The follicle containing the egg is
stimulated to enlarge & mature
A mature egg is released into the
fallopian tube from the ovary
The empty follicle becomes the
“corpus luteum” (“yellow body”) and
releases progesterone to thicken
uterine lining)
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Mor – Mass
Ula – small one
Gastru – stomach cavity
Zygous – yoked
Blast – hollow
Cleav – break or separate
Endo – inner
Meso – middle
Ecto - outer
Cleavage begins
Zygote
Fertilization
IMPLANTATION
OVARY
OVULATION
• Fertilization – Sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote in
the fallopian tube
• Implantation – after a few days, the embryo imbeds
itself in the uterine wall, stimulating the placenta to
develop
• Gastrulation – the three germ layers form:
– Endoderm – innermost: Digestive Tract, Respiratory
System, Glands
– Ectoderm – outermost: skin, hair, nails, brain / nervous
system
– Mesoderm – middle layer: Bones, cartilage, circulatory
system, excretory system, muscle, gonads
Differentiation – Stem cells begin to specialize
into specific cells/tissues
Fertilization and Early Development
ACROSOME
BODY
Tail Fiber
MITOCHONDRIA
HEAD
(Contains DNA)
OVUM (EGG)
VIDEO 1
VIDEO 2
Flagella
Twinning
Identical Twins:
• 1 sperm fertilizes 1 egg,
which later separates
(genetically identical)
Fraternal Twins:
• 2 separate eggs are
fertilized by 2 separate
sperm (offspring NOT
genetically identical)
Conjoined Twins, Abby &
Brittany Hensel
BrainPOP | Fetal
Development
After 2 weeks of development, the zygote becomes more developed
connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow
nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange
connects the developing fetus to the
placenta
A membrane holding fluid that
protects fetus from shock
Important for proper development of
limbs and lungs
*BABY AND MOTHER’S BLOOD DO
NOT MIX!
Factors That Affect Prenatal
Development
• Insidermedicine In Depth - February 9, 2010 Fetal Growth – YouTube
• The fetus may be exposed to many environmental
factors that DIFFUSE across the placenta
• MUTAGENS like asbestos, x-rays, or
formaldehyde can cause mutations in the
developing fetus!
• Other toxic materials like alcohol and cigarette
smoke can cause birth defects and low birth
weight as well!
• Body Snatchers
HOLLOW
Fertilized Egg (ZYGOTE)
MORULA
(Cleavage =
Cells divide)
BLASTULA
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Early GASTRULA
Late GASTRULA
DIFFERENTIATION – When cells begin to become different from one
another & specialize their functions
Events of human development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sperm and egg /ovum join in the oviduct/fallopian
tube: FERTILIZATION
The fertilized egg is called a ZYGOTE
The zygote moves down the fallopian tube toward
the uterus and divides many times: CLEAVAGE
With in the next 2 weeks, the zygote will become an
EMBRYO, and continue to divide
The embryo implants itself into the uterine lining and
GASTRULATES (hollows out)
The embryo starts to form distinctive specialized
layers, beginning the process of DIFFERENTIATION
& GROWTH
7. The embryo develops its umbilical cord and PLACENTA,
where DIFFUSION of nutrients and wastes between
mother and fetus occurs
8. During GESTATION (time in the womb), the fetus is
protected from shock by the fluid-filled AMNION.
9. As the fetus grows larger, it may be exposed to many
environmental factors that DIFFUSE across the placenta
10.
MUTAGENS like asbestos, x-rays, or formaldehyde
can cause mutations in the developing fetus!
11.
Other toxic materials like alcohol and cigarette
smoke can cause birth defects and low birth weight as
well! (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Chicken Egg - Internal Fertilization, External Development
Yolk Sac – provides
nutrition for growing
embryo
Types of Asexual Reproduction
• Produce identical offspring from only one
single parent
• Offspring are identical to parent due to
mitotic divisions (mitosis ONLY)
BrainPOP |
Asexual
Reproduction
1._______
– Organism divides in half (EQUALLY), resulting in
2 new organisms
– Unicellular organisms
2._______
– Similar to fission but cytoplasmic division is
unequal
– Unicellular (yeast) & multicellular (hydra)
3._______
– Parent releases spores (special reproductive
cells) Microscopic
– New offspring develop with right temp & moisture
4._______
– Development of entire new organism from part of
original organism
– Also refers to replacement of lost structure
– Ex. starfish
5._______
– New plants can develop from roots, stems, or
leaves of the parent plant
– Cuttings of a plant, tubers of a potato, runners of
strawberry pants
6._______
– An unfertilized egg develops into a new
individual
– Occurs in some insects and arthropods
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Vegetative Propagation
Parthenogenesis
Sporulation
Binary Fission
Regeneration
Budding
Structure of a Flower
BrainPOP | Pollination
-The flower is a specialized structure for
sexual reproduction
- Bright petals/scent
attracts pollinators!!
STAMEN
Filament
Anther
PISTIL
Stigma
Ovary
Style
Filament – supports
the anther
Anther – Produces
pollen grains/sperm
(GAMETES)
Ovary – fertilization
occurs here, contains
ovules(GAMETES),
develops into the
FRUIT!!
Style – carries pollen
to the ovary
Stigma – receives
pollen (sticky)
Petals
Sepals
Calyx
Stem
Petal – brightly
colored to attract
pollinators
Sepals – support the
petals
• Maple Copters - YouTube
Characterized by a permanent ending of the
menstrual cycle
Menopause
The outermost germ layer of an embryo
Ectoderm
Three accessory glands that produce
semen/prepare sperm to leave body
Cowper’s (bulbourethral)
Prostate
Seminal Vesicle
Fertilization occurs here
Fallopian tube
Two human hormones that control the
female reproductive cycle
Progesterone
Estrogen
The male sex hormone is produced in the
Testes
True or false?
Mother’s blood mixes with fetal blood to
transfer vital nutrients and remove waste
products
FALSE!!! These materials are tranferred
through diffusion! Blood doesn’t mix
Put the following in order
fetus, blastula, gastrula, zygote,
embryo, fertilization
When stem cells begin to specialize, this is
called…
differentiation
Most fish have___________ fertilization and
________________ development!
External, external
Most birds have ____________ fertilization
and _________ development
Internal, external
What type of asexual development
is this?
What is a reproductive adaptation for
reproduction on land?
Penis
Sperm
Fallopian tube
ovary
Which stage of the female reproductive
cycle is characterized by the development
of a “yellow body” which releases excess
hormones to the uterus?
Luteal phase!