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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 RESIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE • UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- NOSE, PHARYNX, LARYNX & PART OF TRACHEA. • LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- LOWER PART OF TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TREE AND THE LUNGS. • LINED WITH GOBLET CELLS & CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM COVERED WITH MUCUS THAT TRAP DUST PARTICLES. 2 RESIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE 3 4 THE NOSE • NOSTRILS:- TWO EXTERNAL OPENINGS OF THE NOSE. • NASAL SEPTUM:- VERTICAL PARTITION SEPARATING THE TWO NOSTRILS. • NASAL CAVITY:- INTERIOR CHAMBERS OF THE NOSE. • HARD & SOFT PALATE:- THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH 5 THE PHARYNX • NASOPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE NOSE. • OROPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE MOUTH. • LARYNGOPHARYNX:-BEHIND THE LARYNX • PHARYNGEAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE UPPER END OF THE PHARYNX. • PALATINE TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE LOWER END OF THE PHARYNX. • LINGUAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE. 6 NOSE & PHARYNX 7 THE LARYNX • IS A CARTILAGINOUS STRUCTURE THAT • • • PROVIDE A PASSAGE FOR AIR FROM THE PHARYNX INTO THE TRACHEA. IT CONTAIN THE VOCAL CORDS WHICH ARE FOLDS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES THAT VIBRATE TO PRODUCE VOCAL SOUNDS. THE GLOTTIS IS THE OPENING BETWEEN THE VOCAL CORDS LEADING INTO THE TRACHEA. THE EPIGLOTTIS IS THE FLAP THAT COVER THE LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING AND DIRECT FOOD INTO THE ESOPHAGUS. 8 THE LARYNX 9 THE VOCAL CORDS 10 THE BRONCHIAL TREE • THE TRACHEA IS A LONG TUBE MADE OF CARTILAGINOUS RINGS THAT EXTEND FROM THE LARYNX TO THE LUNGS. • IT BRANCHES TO FORM THE RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHI. • EACH BRONCHUS ENTER A LUNG AND BRANCHES INTO SECONDARY BRONCHI THAT CONTINUE TO BRANCH TO FORM VERY SMALL BRONCHIOLES. 11 THE BRONCHIAL TREE 12 THE LUNGS AND ALVEOLI • THE LUNGS ARE LARGE ELASTIC ORGANS COVERED BY A PLEURAL MEMBERANE. • THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES BRANCH TO FORM THE ALVEOLAR DUCTS WITH EACH OF THESE TERMINATING INTO TINY AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI. • EACH ALVEOLUS IS COVERED BY A NET OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES. 13 THE ALVEOLI 14 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS • PULMONARY VENTILATION:- MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO & OUT OF THE LUNGS. • EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:-EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN AIR IN THE ALVEOLI & CAPILLARIES BLOOD BY DIFFUSION. • TRANSPORT OF GASES:- BY THE BLOOD • INTERNAL RESPIRATION:- EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN CAPILLARIES BLOOD & BODY TISSUES BY DIFFUSION. 15 PULMONARY VENTILATION • IS MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS BY BREATHING. • INSPIRATION:- CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EXPAND THE LUNGS VOLUME & ALLOW AIR TO FILL THE LUNGS. • EXPIRATION:- RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES DECREASE THE LUNGS VOLUME & PUSH AIR OUT OF THE LUNGS. 16 PULMONARY VENTILATION 17 PULMONARY VENTILATION 18 RESPIRATORY VOLUMES • TIDAL VOLUME {TV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR • • • INHALED OR EXHALED AT QUIET BREATHING. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {IRV}:- THE ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR INHALED ABOVE THE TIDAL VOLUME INSPIRATION. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {ERV}:- THE ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR EXHALED AFTER THE TIDAL VOLUME EXPIRATION. RESIDUAL VOLUME {RV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR THAT ALWAYS REMAIN IN THE LUNGS. 19 RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES • INSPIRATORY CAPACITY {IC}:- THE TIDAL • • • VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY {FRC}:RESIDUAL VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. VITAL CAPACITY {VC}:- TIDAL VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESEVE VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY {TLC}:- ALL FOUR RESIRATORY VOLUMES TOGETHER. 20 RESPIRATORY VOLUMES & CAPACITIES 21 CONTROL OF RESPIRATION • BREATHING IS CONTROLED BY THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS IN BRAIN STEM. • MEDULLARY INSPIRATORY AREA:PRODUCE RHYTHMIC INSPIRATION. • MEDULLARY EXPIRATORY AREA:PRODUCE FORCEFUL EXPIRATION ONLY. • PONS RESPIRATORY AREA:- CHANGE THE DEPTH & LENGTH OF INSPIRATION. 22 CONTROL OF RESPIRATION 23 EXTERNAL RESPIRATION • RESPIRATORY GASES ARE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE AIR IN ALVEOLI & BLOOD IN THE CAPILLARIES AROUND THEM. • GASES DIFFUSE THROUGH RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE MADE FROM THE ALVEOLAR WALL AND THE CAPILLARY WALL. • OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM ALVEOLAR AIR INTO THE CAPILLARY BLOOD. • CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO ALVEOLAR AIR. 24 THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE 25 TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES OXYGEN:3% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA 97% OXYHEMOGLOBIN IN RBCs CARBON DIOXIDE:7% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA 23% CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN IN RBCs 70% BICARBONATE IONS IN RBCs 26 INTERNAL RESPIRATION • IS THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES BETWEEN THE CAPILLARY BLOOD AND THE BODY TISSUES. • OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO THE BODY TISSUES. • CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE BODY TISSUES INTO CAPILLARY BLOOD. 27 INTERNAL & EXTERNAL RESPIRATION 28