Download 1 Tissues

Chapter 11
Organ Donation
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
Fourth Edition
BIOLOGY
Science for Life | with Physiology
Colleen Belk • Virginia Borden Maier
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lecture prepared by
Jill Feinstein
Richland Community College
1 Tissues
 Tissues – group of similar cell types that perform a
common function
 The human body has four basic types of tissue:
 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscle
 Nervous
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1 Tissues – Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelium is tightly packed sheets of cells that line
organs and outer surfaces, as well as the insides of
hollow organs, vessels, and body cavities.
 Epithelia are typically anchored on one face, but
free on another
 The free side is typically exposed to the environment
of body fluids
 Can be single layer or many layers thick
 Function in protection, secretion, and absorption
 Epithelial cells are continuously sloughing off and
are replaced by cell division
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1 Tissues – Epithelial Tissue
 Many organs are lined with epithelial tissue
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Loosely organized and composed of cells embedded in a matrix
 Matrix is composed of protein fibers and ground substance
 Usually binds organs or tissues to one another
 Six different types:
 Loose connective tissue
 Adipose tissue
 Blood
 Fibrous connective tissue
 Cartilage
 Bone
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Loose connective tissue
 Most widespread tissue in animal body
 Matrix composed of collagen and elastin fibers
 It is called “loose” because of the fibers
that are loosely woven
together
 Binds epithelia to tissues,
pads skin, and holds
organs in place
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Adipose tissue
 Also called fat
 Connects skin to underlying structures, pads organs
 Used for storage of energy (fat)
 Primarily cells; small
amount of matrix
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Blood
 Cellular component, red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets
 Matrix is the plasma
 Functions include
carrying oxygen and
nutrients; fighting
infection
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue
 Forms tendons and ligaments
 Matrix is densely packed collagen fibers running
in parallel.
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Cartilage
 Cellular component  chondrocytes
 Chondrocytes secrete own matrix
 Cartilage cushions joints, forms
support for ears and nose
 Not vascularized, so takes
a long time to heal if injured
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1 Tissues – Connective Tissue
 Bone
 Rigid connective tissue
 Osteoblasts secrete matrix that is composed of
collagen fibers and calcium salts
 Osteocytes maintain the hardened bone matrix
 Body can make use of
calcium from bones if
dietary levels are too low
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1 Tissues – Muscle Tissue
 Muscle is contractile tissue (capable of
shortening)
 Long, thin cylindrical cells called muscle fibers
 Two proteins – actin and myosin – interact to cause
contraction of muscle fibers
 Three types of muscle:
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth
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1 Tissues – Muscle Tissue
 Skeletal Muscle
 Usually attached to bone
 Produces all voluntary movements
 Striated
 Long, thin, cylindrical shape
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1 Tissues – Muscle Tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Only found in heart tissue, undergoes rhythmic
contractions to produce heartbeat
 Striated and involuntary
 Branched, interlocking cells
propagate signal to
contract almost
simultaneously
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1 Tissues – Muscle Tissue
 Smooth muscle
 Not striated and involuntary
 Musculature of organs, blood
vessels, digestive tract
 Contracts more slowly and
for longer than skeletal muscle
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1 Tissues – Nervous Tissue
 Neurons conduct electrical signals and compose
the cells of the brain and spinal cord
 Main functions of neurons are to:
 Sense stimuli
 Process stimuli
 Transmit signals
 Most cells of nervous system do not undergo cell
division
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1 Tissues – Nervous Tissue
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1 Tissues – Tissue Donation
 One person’s tissues can improve the lives of as
many as 50 people.
 Injuries from motor vehicle accidents, burst blood
vessels, and drowning are common causes of brain
death.
 Once dead, brain cells cannot recover.
 Brain dead is different than being in a coma or
vegetative state.
 Tissues can be treated to remove any proteins that
a person’s immune system may react to so there is
no need for donor matching.
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2 Organs and Organ Systems
 Organs are composed of two or
more tissue types
 Organs that act together from an
organ system
 All the organ systems of a body
form an organism
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – The Liver as a
Model Organ
 The liver sits below the diaphragm, is comprised of
four lobes, and is associated with the gall bladder.
 The lobes are subdivided into lobules which each
contain a central vein and hepatocytes.
 The central vein allows blood to circulate through
all of the liver.
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – The Liver as a
Model Organ
 The liver is an important component of the digestive and the
circulatory system
 As part of the circulatory system, the liver:
 Synthesizes blood clotting factors
 Detoxifies
 Regulates blood volume
 Destroys old red blood cells
 As part of the digestive system, the liver:
 Produces bile
 Metabolizes and stores nutrients
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – The Liver as a
Model Organ
 Liver transplants can be made from living donors
or from brain dead ones
 Unlike many organs, liver can regenerate itself
 Portion can be taken from living donor and
implanted in patient
 Liver in donor and patient will regrow to normal size
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – The Digestive
System
 The digestive system’s role in the body is to
chemically and mechanically break down food into
nutrients which then can be absorbed.
 This process starts in the oral cavity with the teeth
performing mechanical digestion.
 Salivary amylase performs chemical digestion in
the oral cavity.
 The tongue helps you taste food and to form a
bolus.
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2 Organs and Organ Systems - The Digestive
System
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – The Digestive
System
 Once the bolus is in the stomach, peristalsis
further breaks down the food into chyme.
 Chyme is the combination of digested food with
gastric juices.
 Once in the small intestine the chyme is
completely broken down into nutrients.
 The nutrients are now ready for absorption.
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – The Digestive
System
 Villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the
intestines to allow nutrient absorption.
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – Regulation of
Digestive Secretions
 Regulation of the digestive
system occurs hormonally.
 Gastrin produce from the
stomach stimulates more
gastric juices to be released.
 Cholecystokinin and secretin
are produced by the small
intestine and they trigger the
pancreas and gallbladder to
release their contents.
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2 Organs and Organ Systems – Regulation of
Digestive Secretions
 Organ system consists of many organs working
together.
 Failure of one organ may compromise the entire
system.
 Intestine transplants and pancreatic transplants are
becoming more common.
 Gall bladder transplants are rarely done because a
person can live fine without one.
 Organ failure can also disrupt multiple systems.
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Animation: The Digestive System
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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3 Regulating the Internal Environment
 Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a constant
internal environment under changing conditions.
 Thermoregulation is the regulation of temperature to
maintain homeostasis.
 Endotherms maintain body temperature internally and
warmer than the surrounding environment.
 Humans and mammals are examples.
 Ecotherms obtain their body heat from the surrounding
environment.
 Most invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles are
examples.
BioFlix: Homeostasis
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3 Regulating the Internal Environment – Negative
Feedback
 Negative feedback occurs when the stimulus that
triggered the change in the body is reversed.
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3 Regulating the Internal Environment – Positive
Feedback
 Positive feedback occurs when the outcome of a process
increases or intensifies the stimulus for that process.
 During childbirth, hormones cause muscles of uterus to
contract.
 Uterine contractions cause even more hormones to be
released, which intensify the contractions.
 In animals, regulation is usually by negative feedback
because positive feedback often results in amplification –
away from homeostasis.
 Other examples of positive feedback are testosterone
production and urination.
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3 Regulating the Internal Environment – Organ
Donation
 The best candidates to donate organs are those
who have died of brain injury.
 In cardiac death, organs deteriorate due to lack of
oxygen, and thus are less suitable for transplant.
 Thousands of lives are saved each year through
organ donation.
 The decision to become a donor now can save
families from making difficult decisions later.
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Which one of the following tissues is found lining the
stomach?

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous
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Which one of the following tissues is found lining the
stomach?

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous
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What type of cells make up cartilage?

chondrocytes

fibroblasts

osteocytes

hepatocytes
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What type of cells make up cartilage?

chondrocytes

fibroblasts

osteocytes

hepatocytes
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Skeletal muscle controls _______ actions, cardiac
muscle controls _______actions, and smooth muscle
controls _______ actions.

voluntary; involuntary; voluntary

voluntary; involuntary; involuntary

involuntary; voluntary; involuntary

involuntary; voluntary; voluntary
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Skeletal muscle controls _______ actions, cardiac
muscle controls _______actions, and smooth muscle
controls _______ actions.

voluntary; involuntary; voluntary

voluntary; involuntary; involuntary

involuntary; voluntary; involuntary

involuntary; voluntary; voluntary
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The liver produces bile. What is the function of
bile?

Bile destroys old blood cells.

Bile synthesizes blood-clotting factors.

Bile helps metabolize fats through
emulsification.

Bile regulates blood volume.
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The liver produces bile. What is the function of
bile?

Bile destroys old blood cells.

Bile synthesizes blood-clotting factors.

Bile helps metabolize fats through
emulsification.

Bile regulates blood volume.
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True or False: The term brain dead is the same as
being in coma or vegetative state.

True

False
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True or False: The term brain dead is the same as
being in coma or vegetative state.

True

False
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What is the name for the wave-like contractions that
move food down the esophagus?

bolus

peristalsis

epiglottis

chyme
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the name for the wave-like contractions that
move food down the esophagus?

bolus

peristalsis

epiglottis

chyme
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which organ pictured here is the site where most of
the digestion of nutrients occurs?

1 – mouth

4 – stomach

5 – small intestine

6 – large intestine
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Which organ pictured here is the site where most of
the digestion of nutrients occurs?

1 – mouth

4 – stomach

5 – small intestine

6 – large intestine
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What organ produces many of the digestive
enzymes used by the small intestine?

pancreas

gallbladder

duodenum

kidney
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What organ produces many of the digestive
enzymes used by the small intestine?

pancreas

gallbladder

duodenum

kidney
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Which of the following statements is incorrect?

The most commonly donated organs are the liver,
kidney, heart, and lungs.

People who die from cardiac death or brain injury
are good candidates for donation.

Organ donors and recipients must have the same
blood type.

Living donors can donate all of their liver.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?

The most commonly donated organs are the liver,
kidney, heart, and lungs.

People who die from cardiac death or brain injury
are good candidates for donation.

Organ donors and recipients must have the same
blood type.

Living donors can donate all of their liver.
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What organ is the black arrow pointing to?

Liver

Duodenum

Stomach

Pancreas
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What organ is the black arrow pointing to?

Liver

Duodenum

Stomach

Pancreas
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Which of the following describes negative feedback?

The stimulus that causes the changes in the
body’s environment ends up enhancing the
stimulus.

The stimulus that changes the body’s
environment is reversed by the body reaction.

The stimulus causes nothing in the body to
happen.

None are correct.
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Which of the following describes negative feedback?

The stimulus that causes the changes in the
body’s environment ends up enhancing the
stimulus.

The stimulus that changes the body’s
environment is reversed by the body
reaction.

The stimulus causes nothing in the body to
happen.

None are correct.
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