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DIGESTIVE AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS Science, Technology, & Society MR. CANOVA Period 11 THE NEED FOR FOOD • Food • Energy • Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Food • The amount of energy you need depends on many factors such as age, sex, rate of growth, and physical activity. • Nutrient- a substance required by the body for: – Energy – Growth – Repair – Maintenance • Digestion- The process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use. (ATP) • calorie- the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius • Calorie (food)= 1000 calories SOURCES OF ENERGY • CARBOHYDRATES: – • PROTEINS: – • Organic compounds with Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen the provide nutrients. • Breads, Pasta, Grains, Cereals, Potatoes, Fruit Organic compounds with one or more chains of amino acids • Fish, Eggs, Poultry, Beef, Pork, Nuts, Legumes, Milk, Cheese, Tofu FATS: – Organic compounds (lipids) that are insoluble in water. Act as padding and insulation • Milk, Cheese, Meats, Butter,Olives, Avocados, Fried Foods, Oils, Chips Building Materials • Substances that don’t provide energy, but regulate the amount released within the body. • VITAMINS – • MINERALS – • ORGANIC NATURALLY OCCURING INORGANIC WATER – NATURALLY OCCURING • • 2/3 OF BODY’S WEIGHT IS WATER OBESITY- BEING MORE THAN 20 PERCENT HEAVIER THAN YOUR IDEAL BODY WEIGHT – BMI INDEX DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Food • Energy • Vitamins, Minerals, and Water • The taking in of food, breaking it down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb, and getting rid of undigested molecules and waste – IMPORTANT FACTS: • STARTS AT THE MOUTH, ENDS AT THE ANUS • FOOD TRAVELS MORE THAN 26 FEET • HAS OVER 10 STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS Beginning Digestion-PART I • Mouth– Contains teeth, tongue, and saliva. • Throat– Contains pharynx & esophagus (epiglottis). • Stomach– Contains gastric juices to break down food. Continuing Digestion-PART II • Small Intestine– Contains duodenum & absorbs nutrients from passing food. • Large Intestine– Also called colon, allows the passage of wastes. – Leads to the rectum. Continuing Digestion-PART III • Liver and Pancreas– Not part of digestive tract but provide secretions to system • Liver– Releases bile – Maintains blood sugar levels – Detoxifies poisons • Pancreas– Also called colon, all the passage of wastes. – Leads to the rectum. Excretory System • This system collects and removes wastes from the body. • It also maintains osmotic balance and stable pH levels by monitoring salt and water levels. EXCRETION • The process that rids the body of toxic chemicals, excess water, salts, and CO2 • Major Organs – Lungs (CO2) – Kidneys (Nitrogen waste (urea)) – Skin (Water, Salts) KIDNEYS • Regulate the amount of water and salts in blood plasma. • Blood filter-Nephrons – Tiny tubes in the kidneys that produce urine Reabsorption and secretion– Bowman’s capsule and renal tubules Urine formation- Ureters – Tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder Elimination of urine- Urethra – Tube that urine leaves the body through • • • • Male (penis) Female (Vagina) Damage to the KIDNEYS • • • • Diseases Accidents Infection, Diabetes, high blood pressure, body’s own immune system Household chemicals – Paint, Varnishes, Furniture oils, glues, aerosol sprays, air fresheners, lead • When any of the above occur: – Toxic wastes such as urea, accumulate in the plasma and bloodplasma ion levels increase to dangerous amounts. Treatment to Kidney damage • 1) Kidney Dialysis or 2) Kidney Transplant