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Objective: SWBAT list the structural components of a vertebrate circulatory system and understand the concept of transporting oxygen and nutrients. 1. Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. B) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. C) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. D) pressure in the alveoli increases. E) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 2. Breathing is usually regulated by A) hemoglobin levels in the blood. B) the lungs and the larynx. C) the concentration of red blood cells. D) erythropoietin levels in the blood. E) CO2 and O2 concentration and pH- level sensors. 3. In humans, the largest amount of the carbon dioxide produced in the cells is carried to the lungs as A. Carbaminohemoglobin B. CO2 gas in solution in plasma C. CO2 gas in the red blood cells D. bicarbonate in the plasma AP Biology E. bicarbonate in the red blood cells QUESTION TO PONDER?? Why do scientists say that MOST sharks will drown and die if they stop moving in water? AP Biology Circulatory Systems AP Biology 2008-2009 AP Biology In circulation… What needs to be transported nutrients & fuels from digestive system respiratory gases O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills intracellular waste waste products from cells water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea) protective agents immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies blood clotting agents regulatory molecules hormones AP Biology Circulatory systems All animals have: circulatory fluid = “blood” tubes = blood vessels muscular pump = heart open hemolymph AP Biology closed blood Open circulatory system Taxonomy invertebrates insects, arthropods, mollusks Structure AP Biology no separation between blood & interstitial fluid Closed circulatory system Taxonomy invertebrates earthworms, squid, octopuses vertebrates Structure blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid 1 or more hearts large vessels to smaller vessels material diffuses between blood vessels & interstitial fluid AP Biology closed system = higher pressures Vertebrate circulatory system Adaptations in closed system 2 low pressure to body number of heart chambers differs 3 4 low O2 to body high pressure & high O2 to body What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart? 4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & AP Biology oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure Vertebrate cardiovascular system Chambered heart atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out Blood vessels arteries = carry blood away from heart veins = return blood to heart capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion capillary beds = networks of capillaries AP Biology Arteries: Built for high pressure pump Arteries thicker walls provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood narrower diameter elasticity elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes AP Biology Veins: Built for low pressure flow Blood flows toward heart Veins thinner-walled wider diameter Open valve blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure lower pressure distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions when we move Closed valve squeeze blood through veins valves in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart AP Biology Capillaries: Built for exchange Capillaries very thin walls lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium enhances exchange across capillary diffusion exchange between blood & cells AP Biology Mammalian circulation systemic pulmonary systemic AP Biology What do blue vs. red areas represent? Mammalian heart Coronary arteries AP Biology to neck & head & arms Heart valves 4 valves in the heart flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow SL Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract “lub” Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles while they are relaxing “dub” AP Biology AV AV Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds closing of valves “Lub” SL recoil of blood against closed AV valves “Dub” AV AV recoil of blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur AP Biology defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of blood squirts backward through valve Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase systole ventricles pumps blood out relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood systolic ________ AP Biology diastolic pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) 110 ____ 70 Measurement of blood pressure High Blood Pressure (hypertension) if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 AP Biology if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90 D.N.A In circulating by the shortest route from the lungs to the foot, how many times would a drop of blood pass through the left ventricle? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 Just after blood leaves the left ventricle of the human heart, it passes through the A) pulmonary artery B) left atrium C) aorta D) superior vena cava AP Biology E) right ventricle Sometimes a baby is born with its large blood vessels reversed: The right ventricle pumps blood out through the aorta, and the left ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery. The system is otherwise normal. How would this alter blood flow? Why would this be disastrous if not corrected by surgery? AP Biology