Download 31-2 - Biology

Biology
Slide
1 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Slide
2 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Phylogeny of Chordates
Sharks
& their
Jawless
relatives
fishes
Nonvertebrate
chordates
Bony
fishes
Reptiles Birds
Amphibians
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
Slide
3 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
What Is a Bird?
What Is a Bird?
• Birds are reptile like animals that maintain a constant
internal body temperature;
• Outer covering of feathers;
• two legs that are covered with scales and are used for
walking or perching;
•front limbs modified into wings.
Slide
4 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
• The single most important characteristic that separates
birds from reptiles and other living animals is feathers.
• Feathers are made mostly of protein and develop from pits
in the bird’s skin.
- Feathers help birds fly and keep them warm.
Slide
5 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
What Is a Bird?
Feathers
• two main types of feathers are contour and down.
Barb
Contour feather: Contour
feathers provide the lifting force
and balance needed for flight.
Down feather: Down
feathers trap air close to the
body and keep the bird warm.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Barbule: The hooks on
each barbule fit together,
holding them flat.
Slide
6 of 53
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Form, Function, and Flight
p808-812
Adaptations for flight:
• aerodynamic feathers and wings
• strong, lightweight bones
• strong chest muscles
Slide
7 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Body Temperature Control
p808
• Birds can generate their own body heat.
• Animals that can generate their own body heat are called
endotherms.
• Endotherms include birds, mammals and some other
animals.
• Endotherms have a high rate of metabolism as compared
to ectotherms. Metabolism creates heat.
• Body temp of a bird is about 41 degrees C.
Slide
8 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Feeding
• Birds eat a lot relative to their size.
• The phrase “eats like a bird” is misleading.
• Birds bills or peaks are adapted to the type of food they
eat. For example:
• Birds eating insects have short fine bills
• Birds eating seeds have short thick bills.
• Long thin bills can be used for gathering nectar from flowers or
probing soft mud for worms and shellfish.
Slide
9 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Feeding
Digestive system of a bird:
• bill, mouth
• esophagus
• crop
• two part stomach which includes the gizzard.
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas
• small intestine
• large intestine, cloaca
Slide
10 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Esophagus
Crop
When a bird eats,
food moves down
the esophagus and
is stored in the crop.
Slide
11 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
First chamber of stomach
Gizzard
Moistened food passes
to the stomach, a twopart chamber.
Slide
12 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Small intestine
Large intestine
As digestion
continues, the food
moves through the
intestines.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
13 of 53
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Cloaca
Undigested food is
expelled through
the cloaca
Slide
14 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Respiration
• When a bird inhales most air first enters large posterior air
sacs in the body cavity and bones.
• The inhaled air then moves through the lungs in a series of
small tubes. These tubes are lined with specialized
tissue, where gas exchange takes place.
• The complex system of air sacs and breathing tubes
ensures that air flows into the air sacs and out through the
lungs in a single direction.
Slide
15 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Respiration
Air flows in a single direction.
The one-way flow of air:
•
constantly exposes the lungs to oxygen-rich air.
•
maintains a high metabolic rate.
•
provides efficient extraction of oxygen, which enables
birds to fly at high altitudes where the air is thin (oxygen
poor).
Most land vertebrates including us have a two way air flow
system. We breath in oxygenated air and breath out
oxygen poor air.
Slide
16 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
How does birds respiratory system differ from that of
most land vertebrates?
Slide
17 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Circulation
• Birds have a 4 chambered heart
(like us) and two separate
circulatory loops.
• There is complete separation of
oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
• One half of the heart receives
oxygen rich blood and the other half
of the heart receives oxygen poor
blood.
• This double-loop system ensures
that oxygen collected by the lungs
is distributed to the body tissue with
maximum efficiency.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
loop 1
loop 2
Slide
18 of 53
End Show
31-2 Birds
Draw a 4 chambered heart with the two loops.
Slide
19 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Excretion
• Excretion in birds is similar to that of reptiles.
• Nitrogenous wastes are removed from the
blood by the kidneys, converted to uric acid, and
deposited in the cloaca.
• Most of the water is reabsorbed, leaving uric acid
crystals in a white, pasty form.
Slide
20 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Response
• Birds have well developed sense organs.
• Birds have a brain that can quickly interpret and respond to
a lot of incoming signals. A bird’s brain is relatively large for
its body size.
• Cerebrum is large – controls behaviors such as flying, nest
building, care of young, courtship and mating.
• Cerebellum is also well developed – required for precise
coordinated mov’ts
(cerebrum)
Slide
21 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Response
• Medulla oblongata – coordinates basic body processes,
such as the heart beat
• Eyes are well developed and the optic lobes in the brain
are well developed. Birds can see colors.
• Birds can hear quite well.
• Sense of taste and smell are not well developed in most
birds – the olfactory bulbs in a bird’s brain are small.
Slide
22 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Video Crows are smart (2min):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URZ_EciujrE
Slide
23 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Movement
• Some birds can not fly. Instead they get around by walking
or running – ex. Ostriches or by swimming like penguins.
• Observe a birds skeleton.
• What is the skeletal difference btw a bird that can fly and
one that can not?
Slide
24 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Skeletal System
of a Bird
Vertebra
Skull
Collarbone
(wishbone)
Pelvic girdle
Strut
Tailbone
Pectoral griddle
Air
space
Sternum
Rib cage
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
25 of 53
End Show
31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
•
Bones are
strengthened by struts.
•
Air spaces make bones
lightweight.
Slide
26 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Reproduction
p812
• Male and female reproductive tracts open into the cloaca.
• Mating birds press their cloacas together to transfer sperm
from the male to the female.
• Some male birds have a penis that transfers sperm to the
female’s cloaca.
• Birds eggs are amniotic eggs. Most birds incubate their
eggs until the eggs hatch.
Slide
27 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Reproduction
• When the chick is ready to hatch, it uses a small tooth on its
bill to make a hole in the shell.
• Chicks are born with feathers.
• Both parents may be involved in feeding the chick.
• Do birds have internal or external fertilization?
Slide
28 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Groups of Birds
p812
• 30 different Orders of birds
• (Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Aves – class
Aves is split into 30 different Orders)
• Figure 31-19 Overview some of the types of birds:
• pelicans and their
relatives, parrots, birds
of prey, perching birds,
cavity-nesting birds,
herons and their
relatives, ostriches and
their relatives.
Slide
29 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
Ecology of Birds
p814
• B/c birds are so diverse and numerous they interact with
natural ecosystems in different ways. Examples:
•
Hummingbirds pollinate flowers.
•
Fruit eating birds swallow seeds but do not digest them,
so their droppings disperse seeds over great distances.
•
Insect eating birds control the population of bugs such as
mosquitos.
Slide
30 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2 Birds
• List 2 other ways in which birds interact with natural
ecosystems.
• Read Chapter 31 and do all of the assessment questions at
the end of the chapter.
Slide
31 of 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
31-2
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
Slide
32 of 53
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
31-2
A bird with a short, thick bill probably eats
a. fish.
b. seeds.
c. insects.
d. fleshy fruit.
Slide
33 of 53
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
31-2
Archaeopteryx has characteristics of both
a. modern birds and ancient birds.
b. amphibians and reptiles.
c. reptiles and modern birds.
d. amphibians and modern birds.
Slide
34 of 53
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
31-2
Which of the following bird adaptations is NOT
associated with flight?
a. bones with many hollow air spaces
b. air sacs in addition to lungs
c. gizzard
d. contour feathers
Slide
35 of 53
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
31-2
Which of the following birds assists in pollinating
flowering plants?
a. pelican
b. hummingbird
c. raptor
d. heron
Slide
36 of 53
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION