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Respiratory System Function of the Respiratory Tract Gas exchange!---Primary Function Bring oxygen into the body Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) CO2 is a waste product from reactions to produce energy. External Respiration Occurs in the lung Oxygen is need to burn nutrients for ENERGY!! O2 from lungs to blood vessels CO2 from blood vessels to lungs Internal Respiration Tissue level Function of the Respiratory System Phonation-larynx/vocal cords (folds) Body Temperature Regulation Cold-nasal passage blood vessels warm cold air coming into body Hot-panting causes evaporation of fluids lining respiratory tract/mouth Function of the Respiratory System Acid base balance Normal blood pH = 7.4 (7.35-7.45) Constant balance between acids and bases in the body Kidneys and Respiratory Tract help maintain Respiratory tract – influenced the amount of CO2 (acid) in the blood CO2 build up>>>>lower or higher pH?? Function of the Respiratory Tract Olfactory Sense Covered in Special Senses Parts of the Respiratory Tract Upper Respiratory Tract Nostrils Nasal passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lower Respiratory Tract Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli Upper Respiratory System Nose (muzzle) - cartilaginous skeleton Nares Philtrum Species difference Horse-obligate nose breathers!!!! Why does my horse flare its nostrils? The alar cartilage is very pronounced in horses & even more so in camelids. Upper Respiratory System Nasal passage-nostrils to pharynx Nasal septum-midline wall in nasal passage Turbinates (Conchae) Dorsal and ventral Scrolling rolls of bone Increases surface area in nasal passage Nasal Meatus=“passageway” Ventral**, middle and dorsal Common-just lateral to septum on either sides **Where tube can be passed Nasal passage Lining of nasal passage Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Cilia push trapped material to pharynx Numerous mucous glands Very Vascular!!! Conditions air Warming-blood vessels Humidifying-mucous glands Filtering-turbinates, cilia (Paranasal) Sinuses Outpouching of nasal passage Spaces within skull bones Lining- same as nasal passage Fluid produced swept back into nasal passage Frontal Sinuses (2) Maxillary Sinuses (2) Respiratory-Pharynx Common Passage for Respiratory and Digestive System Nasopharynx (A) Oropharynx (B) Laryngopharynx (C) The upper portion of the pharynx is the nasopharynx and is associated with the respiratory tract. Guttoral Pouch Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) Passage between nasopharynx and middle ear Helps equalize pressures on sides of ear drum Guttoral Pouch Large, Air filled diverticulum Upper Respiratory System-Larynx “Voice box” Connects pharynx to trachea It is suspended by the hyoid apparatus which also has a connection with the tongue. Cartilage Epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage (2), thyroid cartilage (1), cricoid cartilage (1) Functions of the larynx Provide open airway Close off airway to allow safe passage of food Phonation Upper Respiratory System-Larynx Epiglottis leaf shaped elastic cartilage Most rostral “Trap door” when swallowing Epiglottis (1) Larynx Thyroid cartilage – Largest floor of the larynx thickened rostral portion = "adams apple“ hyaline cartilage which may later ossify. Rostral Thyroid cartilage (2) Ventral Larynx Cricoid cartilage - signet ring shaped, hyaline cartilage. Connects to trachea. Cricoid Cartilage (3) Larynx Arytenoid cartilages - paired, articulate with the cricoid, vocal processes, hyaline with elastic processes. Clinical - these cartilages are what must be visualized when placing an ET tube. Arytenoid Cartilage (4) Laryngeal paralysis movie Tracheal Cartilages Dog (L) Horse (R) Larynx Vocal Folds False Vocal Folds (nonruminants) Attach to the 2 Arytenoid cartilage Form the opening of larynx=glottis Tension on vocal folds-lower or high pitch? Completely closed-straining, cough! Vestibular (ventricular) Folds Not part of vocalization process Lateral Ventricles pouches between the two folds “Roarers” Vocal Folds Laryngeal Cartilages & Muscles Trachea Transports air from larynx and bronchi Single tube until branches to continue with two main bronchi Tracheal Bifurcation Trachea-structure Tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle, held open by hyaline cartilage C shaped rings-open portion faces dorsally Smooth muscle covers gap between cartilage ends Lining Mucous layer-entraps material Cilia-transports particles back toward larynx/pharynx Swallowed or Coughed out Lining of the Trachea Collapsing Trachea Common in toy and miniature breeds Smooth muscle gets pulled into lumen during inspiration >>>Inspiratory Dyspnea-difficulty inspiring Tracheal Collapse Tracheostomy Emergency procedure Provide an airway when upper airway is obstructed This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the Workforce Innovation in Regional Development (WIRED) as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration working in partnership with the Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, the Metro Denver Economic Development Corporation, and the City and County of Denver's Office of Economic Development. 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