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Download Chapter 14: Respiratory System
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CHAPTER 14: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SSTRIDE 2010 Brain Bowl Alrick Drummond, M1 FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Major Functions • Air distribution • Gas exchange • Other functions • Filter, warm and humidify air • Is also associated with olfaction (smell) and speech) PATH OF AIR (FROM NOSE TO LUNGS) Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT • After the nose receives the air • Head colds affect this part of the respiratory system (Nose, larynx and pharynx) • The pharynx if broken up into different sections • Nasopharynx • Receives air for surroundings • Contains the opening to the auditory (eustachian) tube • Help keep pressure equal between the middle and external ear • Oropharynx • Receives food and air from the mouth • The epiglottis stops food from getting into lungs • Laryngopharynx • Carries air to the trachea towards the lungs • Contains the vocal cords UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT • The trachea begins right under the larynx • The trachea • Exterior-is made of C shaped cartilage with soft tissue in between them • Interior-is lined with respiratory epithelium *cool fact* the esophagus is right behind the trachea and this is why it has C shaped cartilage instead of full rings PATH OF AIR (INSIDE THE LUNG) Main bronchi Bronchial branches Bronchiole Terminal sacs Alveoli PATH OF AIR INSIDE THE LUNGS • The bronchi continue to branch out into smaller tubes inside the lungs • These branches are part of the respiratory tree (remember branches of bronchi make the respiratory tree) • These branches become bronchioles and will end with little elastic sacs called alveoli ALVEOLI • These alveolar sacs are where gas exchange happens via diffusion into the capillaries • Gas exchange happens in type I cells in the alveoli • Oxygen then binds to the hemoglobin in blood to make oxyhemoglobin which can carry oxygen to the cells • Type 2 cels make surfactant, a substance that prevents alveoli for collapsing and reduces surface tension when we breath BREATHING MUSCLES • Eupnea-normal breathing • Inspiration • Diaphragm • External intercostal muscles • Expiration • Internal intercostal • Abdominal muscles *remember that more muscles are used when a person is breathing heavily LUNG CAPACITY • Tidal volume (TV)- the amount of air we normally breath • Vital capacity (VC)-the largest amount of air we can breath out at one time • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)-air you can force out after tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)-air you can force in after tidal volume • So TC=IRV+TV+ERV OTHER IMPORTANT FACTS • The epithelium of the lung cells contain an important structure called cilia. These structures can be paralyzed in cigarette smokers • There are areas in the blood vessels that detect the amount of oxygen in the blood • Carotid body (in the neck) • Aortic bodies (in the chest)
