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Unit 3: Circulatory System (1) Respiration (“Breathing”) • Includes: – Movement of air in and out of lungs. – Gas exchange between blood + alveoli. – Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood. – Gas exchange between blood + tissue cells. (2) Inspiration • 1. 2. 3. 4. Inspiration = Inhalation (Fill with Oxygen Gas) Diaphragm contracts Increase in Thoracic Volume Decrease in Lung Pressure Air Moves from High Low Pressure into the Lungs 5. Lung Pressure Increases & Equilibrates • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpgCvW8PRY&feature=related (3) Expiration • 1. 2. 3. 4. Expiration = Exhalation (Expel Carbon Dioxide Gas) Diaphragm relaxes Decrease in Thoracic Volume Increase in Lung Pressure Air moves from High Low Pressure out of the lungs 5. Lung Pressure Decreases & Equilibrates (4) Gas Exchange • Exchange between Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide • Alveoli = Part of Respiratory System – Contain intake of oxygen – Get rid of carbon dioxide • Capillaries & Blood = Part of Cardiovascular System – Take Carbon dioxide from respiring cells Alveoli – Take oxygen from alveoli cells • Alveoli covered in Capillaries Diffusion Across (5) Oxygen Exchange – Taken in through respiratory system – Held in alveoli of lungs – Higher Concentration of O2 in alveoli than blood stream Diffusion into blood stream – Binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells – Transported to tissues in need of oxygen (6) Carbon Dioxide Exchange – Released from cells during cellular respiration – Binds with hemoglobin AND stored in plasma as carbonic acid/bicarbonate – Higher Concentration of CO2 in blood than in alveoli Diffusion out of blood stream into lungs – Release through respiratory system • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoSTeh S7iq8 (7) Regulation of Respiration • Controlled by the Medulla & Pons: – Medulla sets basic respiration rate – Pons maintains inspiratory + expiratory rhythm set by medulla – Pons also increases/decreases rates during various circumstances • Alveoli & Bronchioles lined with stretch receptors: – Trigger expiration during over-inspiration – Common during heightened emotion or physical activity • Lack of Oxygen Large Gasps / Yawning – Impulse sent to brain to cause intake of oxygen – Result = Gasp for air (8) Respiratory Rate • Should be approx. 15 respirations/minute. • Factors Impacting Rate: – Physical Activity & Changes in Cellular Respiration – Conscious Control – Changes in emotion + environmental stimuli – Levels of carbon dioxide + oxygen in blood: • Carbon dioxide concentrations monitored by pH • Oxygen concentrations monitored by chemoreceptors in aortic arch