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Marine Fishes Biology of Fishes 1 I) Body Shape A) Directly related to lifestyle B) Useful for camouflage 2 II) Coloration A) Chromatophores 1) Special skin cells that create colored pigment in bony fish 2) Crystals in the skin, contained in iridophores, reflect only certain colors of light called structural colors 3 II) Coloration B) Warning coloration 1) Dangerous, poisonous, or bad tasting C) Cryptic coloration 1) Blending in with the environment D) Disruptive coloring 1) Color stripes, bars, or spots that help break up the outline of a a fish E) Countershading 1) Having a silver or white belly contrasting a dark back for 4 camouflage or concealment II) Coloration B) Warning coloration 1) Dangerous, poisonous, or bad tasting C) Cryptic coloration 1) Blending in with the environment D) Disruptive coloring 1) Color stripes, bars, or spots that help break up the outline of a a fish E) Countershading 1) Having a silver or white belly contrasting a dark back for 5 camouflage or concealment II) Coloration B) Warning coloration 1) Dangerous, poisonous, or bad tasting C) Cryptic coloration 1) Blending in with the environment D) Disruptive coloring 1) Color stripes, bars, or spots that help break up the outline of a a fish E) Countershading 1) Having a silver or white belly contrasting a dark back for 6 camouflage or concealment II) Coloration B) Warning coloration 1) Dangerous, poisonous, or bad tasting C) Cryptic coloration 1) Blending in with the environment D) Disruptive coloring 1) Color stripes, bars, or spots that help break up the outline of a a fish E) Countershading 1) Having a silver or white belly contrasting a dark back for 7 camouflage or concealment III) Locomotion A) Fish swim with a rhythmic side-to-side, S-shaped movement using bands of muscles called myomeres 8 III) Locomotion A) Fish swim with a rhythmic side-to-side, S-shaped movement using bands of muscles called myomeres 9 III) Locomotion B) Sharks have stiff pectoral fins & a longer upper lobe of caudal fin to provide lift to counterbalance sinking 1) No swim bladder 2) Dorsal & anal fins act as a rudder 3) Pelvic fins help fish turn, balance, and break 10 IV) Feeding A) Most sharks are carnivores B) Some cartilaginous fishes are filter feeders 1) Use gill rakers, located on the gill arches 11 IV) Feeding C) Protrusible jaws of bony fish allow for a greater diversity of feeding mechanisms 1) Carnivores 2) Grazers 3) Filter feeders 12 V) Digestive System A) After swallowing, food passes through the pharynx, the esophagus, into the Jshaped stomach, & then to the intestine 1) Pyloric caeca in intestine secrete enzymes 2) Pancreas secretes enzymes into intestine B) Liver secretes bile to breakdown fats 13 V) Digestive System C) Cartilaginous fish have a spiral valve in intestine to increase absorption 1) The cloaca is the common opening for the excretory, digestive, & reproductive systems 14 VI) Circulatory System A) All fish have a twochambered heart B) Gas exchange occurs at gills C) O2-rich blood is carried by arteries towards body cells, & O2-poor blood is carried back to heart by veins D) Capillaries are thin-walled vessels where gas exchange with body cells 15 occurs VI) Circulatory System A) All fish have a twochambered heart B) Gas exchange occurs at gills C) O2-rich blood is carried by arteries towards body cells, & O2-poor blood is carried back to heart by veins D) Capillaries are thin-walled vessels where gas exchange with body cells 16 occurs VII) Respiratory System A) Sharks continuously swim, opening & closing mouth to force H2O over gills 1) Spiracles: modified first gill that allows H2O to be pumped over gills 17 VII) Respiratory System A) Sharks continuously swim, opening & closing mouth to force H2O over gills 1) Spiracles: modified first gill that allows H2O to be pumped over gills 18 19 VII) Respiratory System B) Fish breath by opening & closing operculum & mouth C) Gill arches are bony structures that support gills D) Gills have projections called gill filaments 1) Lamellae are plates on filaments that contain capillaries 20 VII) Respiratory System B) Fish breathe by opening & closing operculum & mouth C) Gill arches are bony structures that support gills D) Gills have projections called gill filaments 1) Lamellae are plates on filaments that contain capillaries 21 VII) Respiratory System E) Gas exchange occurs via diffusion F) Blood in gills flows opposite the water, known as concurrent system of flow 22 23 VII) Respiratory System G) Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, use hemoglobin to pick-up and release O2 H) Muscles use myoglobin to store O2 24 VII) Respiratory System G) Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, use hemoglobin to pick-up and release O2 H) Muscles use myoglobin to store O2 25 VIII) Regulation of Internal Environment A) Bony fish blood is less salty than seawater, so they lose H20 via osmosis & must osmoregulate 1) Swallow seawater to replace H20, 2) Salts removed by kidneys & chloride cells in gills 3) Conserve H20 by producing small amounts of urine 26 VIII) Regulation of Internal Environment B) Cartilaginous fish have increased salts in blood (urea), to make blood about as salty as seawater 1) Also drink water & remove excess salts using kidneys, intestine, & rectal gland 27 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs A) Central nervous system consists of brain & spinal cord B) Fish smell using olfactory sacs on the side of the head, opening through nares 28 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs C) Taste buds are found in mouth, on lips, fins, skin, & barbels 29 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs D) Fish eyes focus by moving eye closer or farther from subject (bulging) E) Sharks have a nictitating membrane that protects eye from sun & during feeding 30 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs D) Fish eyes focus by moving eye closer or farther from subject (bulging) E) Sharks have a nictitating membrane that protects eye from sun & during feeding 31 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs D) Fish eyes focus by moving eye closer or farther from subject (bulging) E) Sharks have a nictitating membrane that protects eye from sun & during feeding 32 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs F) Lateral line 1) Series of small canals that are lined with sensory neurons called neuromasts 2) Senses vibrations 33 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs G) Detect weak electrical signals using the ampullae of Lorenzini 34 IX) Nervous System & Sensory Organs H) Inner ear is located just behind eyes 1) Detect sounds using calcareous ear stones, or otoliths, attached to sensory hair 35 X) Behavior A) Territoriality 1) Defending a home area against intruders 2) Variety of aggressive behaviors to defend territory B) Schooling 1) Protection from predators 36 X) Behavior C) Migrations 1) Regular mass movements from one place to another once a day, a year, or a lifetime 2) Feeding 3) Reproduction a) Anadromous: fish that spend their lives at sea but breed in fresh water b) Catadromous: fish that breed at sea grow and mature in fresh water37 X) Behavior C) Migrations 1) Regular mass movements from one place to another once a day, a year, or a lifetime 2) Feeding 3) Reproduction a) Anadromous: fish that spend their lives at sea but breed in fresh water b) Catadromous: fish that breed at sea grow and mature in fresh water38 XI) Reproduction & Life History A) Jawless & bony fish have a separate opening for urine & gametes, the urogenital opening, located just behind the anus B) Timing of reproduction controlled by sex hormones 39 XI) Reproduction & Life History C) Hermaphrodism D) Sex reversal: start off as one sex and switch to other sex 1) AKA: sequential hermaphrodism 2) Sea bass, grouper, parrotfish, & wrasses 40 XI) Reproduction & Life History C) Hermaphrodism D) Sex reversal: start off as one sex and switch to other sex 1) AKA: sequential hermaphrodism 2) Sea bass, grouper, parrotfish, & wrasses 41 XI) Reproduction & Life History C) Hermaphrodism D) Sex reversal: start off as one sex and switch to other sex 1) AKA: sequential hermaphrodism 2) Sea bass, grouper, parrotfish, & wrasses 42 XI) Reproduction & Life History C) Hermaphrodism D) Sex reversal: start off as one sex and switch to other sex 1) AKA: sequential hermaphrodism 2) Sea bass, grouper, parrotfish, & wrasses 43 XI) Reproduction & Life History E) Many bony fish change color to advertise readiness to breed F) Courtship is a series of behaviors that serve to attract mates 44 XI) Reproduction & Life History E) Many bony fish change color to advertise readiness to breed F) Courtship is a series of behaviors that serve to attract mates 45 XI) Reproduction & Life History G) External fertilization, or broadcast spawning H) Some fish have internal fertilization 1) ♂ sharks, skates, & rays have two copulatory organs called claspers 46 XI) Reproduction & Life History I) Most bony & some cartilaginous fish are oviparous 1) Eggs are fertilized outside of the female J) Some cartilaginous fish are ovoviparous 1) Female retains the eggs inside her for additional protection K) Some sharks & rays are viviparous 1) Embryo’s absorb nutrients from the wall’s of the mothers reproductive tract 47