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Physiology of Flight Objective: Know the physiology of flight. Physiology of Flight: Overview • Nature of the Atmosphere • Respiration and Circulation • Effects of Reduced Pressure at Altitude • Rapid Decompression Nature of the Atmosphere Composition of the atmosphere • 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, • • • • 1% carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is not used by body to support life. Blood and other body fluids contain nitrogen. Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Oxygen decreases at higher altitudes. Nature of the Atmosphere Physiological Divisions • Physiological zone Extends from sea level to 10,000 ft • Physiological-deficient zone Extends from 10,000 to 50,000 ft • Space-equivalent zone Extends from 50,000 feet to 120 miles above Earth • Total space-equivalent zone Beyond 120 miles above Earth Boyle’s Law • • • The volume of a gas varies exactly opposite that with the pressure of a gas. A decrease in volume causes an increase in pressure An increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure Gas Pressure 14.7 psi 29.4 psi 58.8 psi Dalton’s Law • The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each gas in that mixture. Henry’s Law • The amount of a gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure that gas exerts on the solution. Respiration and Circulation Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. • At rest, on average we breath 15-18 times a minute exchanging about 500 ml of air • Oxygen is taken into the body through the airways, absorbed into the lungs, then transported through the body in the blood. The lungs also give out carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Respiration and Circulation If the Respiratory System captures and transports oxygen throughout the body as well as removes carbon dioxide….what happens as the air pressure with altitude decreases? Respiration and Circulation Less Oxygen available for the respiratory system to capture – result? Hyperventilation: Increased rapid breathing Hypoxia: Occurs when tissues in the body do not receive enough oxygen. Possible Symptoms (vary with individual): Headache, decreased reaction time, impaired judgment, euphoria, visual impairment, drowsiness, lightheaded or dizzy, tingling, numbness, blue fingernails and lips, limp muscles Effects of Reduced Pressure at Altitude Trapped Gases-Ear Block • Trapped Gases-Tooth Pain Valsalva Maneuver Effects of Reduced Pressure at Altitude The Bends • Release of nitrogen into the joints of the body. Effects of Reduced Pressure at Altitude The Chokes • Another form of decompression sickness. • Deep, sharp pains under the sternum. • Increased expansion of the lungs causes the pain to increase. Effects of Reduced Pressure at Altitude Treatment of Decompression Sickness • As decompression sickness becomes more severe, the pain caused by escaping gas bubbles becomes more intense. • As symptoms appear in flight, 100% oxygen should be administered. • If symptoms still exist after landing, compression therapy will be administered at the nearest hyperbaric facility. Rapid Decompression Rapid decompression at a high altitude brings on an explosion as the pressure suddenly decreases. The time of useful consciousness may be reduced by 60% if the decompression is rapid and the air is forced out of the lungs due to rapid expansion. Time of Useful Consciousness Altitude 45,000 feet 40,000 feet 35,000 feet 30,000 feet 28,000 feet 25,000 feet 22,000 feet 20,000 feet MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL TUC 9 to 15 seconds 15 to 20 seconds 30 to 60 seconds 1 to 2 minutes 2.5 to 3 minutes 3 to 5 minutes 5 to 10 minutes 30 minutes or more Physiology of Flight Objective: Know the physiology of flight.
