Download Document

Respiratory, Circulatory, and Excretory RQ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Through which structures in the respiratory
system does gas exchange ACTUALLY occur?
Which part of your brain is in charge of
breathing?
What is on your blood cells (possibly) that
could trigger an immune response?
Which side of your heart receives oxygenrich blood from the lungs?
How many nephrons does each kidney have?
Random facts…
A cough releases an explosive charge of air that
moves at speeds up to 60 mph
A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 mph.
By the time you turn 70, your heart will have
beat some two-and-a-half billion times (figuring
on an average of 70 beats per minute.)
According to German researchers, the risk of
heart attack is higher on Monday than any other
day of the week.
An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds
to make a complete circuit of the body.
An average person urinates 6 times per day
(about 2 liters total)
Each square inch of human skin consists of
twenty feet of blood vessels.
1. Overview what makes up the
respiratory system.
A pair of lungs
A series of passageways into the
body
The diaphragm – a thin sheet of
muscle underneath the lungs 
2. Describe the path that air
takes.
1. Inhale air through the nose or
mouth
2. Air flows into the pharynx and past
the epiglottis
3. It travels down the trachea, which
leads to two bronchi, which lead to
each lung 
3. How does your body try to prevent dirty air
from getting to your lungs?
Estimated that we breathe in 20
million particles of foreign matter
each day
The nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi
are all lined with mucus-secreting
cells that capture these particles 
4. At what point in the respiratory system
does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli are thin-walled sacs
surrounded by capillaries – diffusion
of O2 and CO2 happens here
This is where the circulatory system
and the respiratory system meet 
5. How does the oxygen get from your lungs to
the rest of your body?
Once O2 has diffused across the
capillaries, the oxygenated blood is pumped
by the heart to the body cells, where it is
used for cellular respiration
CO2 is the waste product of cell
respiration, and it is diffused into the
blood and taken back to the lungs for
oxygen 
6. Describe the action of taking a breath.
What maintains your breathing rate?
The diaphragm under your lungs
forces air in and out
The alveoli are like little balloons,
increasing and decreasing with each
breath
Breathing is an involuntary process
The medulla oblongata responds to
levels of CO2 in the blood 
7. Describe the plasma part of
your blood.
Plasma – the fluid portion of blood
Straw-colored
Makes up 55% of total blood volume
Red and white blood cells are suspended
in this matrix 
8. Describe the structure and function of red blood cells. How
is oxygen carried on these cells?
Red blood cell – round, disk-shaped cell
- make up 44% of total blood volume
- produced in the red bone marrow of ribs,
humerus, femur, and sternum
- have no nucleus
Hemoglobin – tiny molecules that coat each
RBC and bind to O2 & CO2 
9. How does your body get rid of
the carbon dioxide waste?
Cells produce CO2 as waste during cell
respiration
This CO2 diffuses into the blood
70% combines with water to become
bicarbonate
The other 30% travels back to the lungs
attached to hemoglobin or dissolved in
plasma 
10. What do white blood cells
and platelets do?
WBCs  protect body from foreign
substances
- make up 1% of the total volume
Platelets  cell fragments that help
blood clot after an injury
- remain in blood about 1 week
- help link together fibrin, the fabric
that makes up a scab 
11. List the human blood types. Why is it
important to know a person’s blood type?
A, B, AB, and O
Important because:
If a blood transfusion is necessary, the
blood types can work against each other
and clot in the blood vessels, causing
death 
Blood type antigens & antibodies
12. Distinguish between “antigens” and
“antibodies”. How do these function in
determining blood groups?
Antigens  substances that stimulate an
immune response in the body
- the letters A and B stand for the types
of blood surface antigens
Antibodies  proteins that are shaped to
correspond with the different blood
antigens
- if antibody & antigen meet and match,
they will clump in the blood 
13. What is the “Rh factor” and
why can it be a problem?
The Rhesus factor – “Rh”
- presence (+), absence (-) of this antigen
on the RBC
Can cause problems in pregnancy
- if an Rh- mom with Rh+ baby
- mom develops antibodies
- if pregnant again with an Rh+ baby, the
antibodies will kill baby RBCs
- treatment: mom given substance that
gets rid of the Rh+ antibodies 
14. Distinguish among arteries, capillaries, and veins.
What path does the blood take?
Arteries: thick muscular vessels that carry
oxygenated blood away from heart
Veins: large vessels with valves to prevent
backflow; carry deoxygenated blood back to the
heart
Capillaries: microscopic blood vessels one celllayer thick
- these allow diffusion of nutrients and oxygen
into surrounding body cells
Blood flows from the heart, to arteries, to
capillaries, to veins, and back to the heart 
15. Describe the structure of the heart and the path
that blood takes through it.
Four-chambered heart: 2 atria & 2 ventricles
Blood enters the heart through the atria and
leaves through the ventricles
- right atrium: receives oxygen-poor blood from
the venae cavae
- right ventricle: pushes oxygen-poor blood to the
lungs
- left atrium: receives oxygen-rich blood from the
4 pulmonary veins
- left ventricle: pushes oxygen-rich blood out of
the heart through the aorta 
16. How is your heartbeat regulated?
How is it controlled?
The surge of blood through an artery is
called the “pulse”
The heart rate is set by the pacemaker,
which is a bundle of nerves on top of the
right atrium
The impulse signals the atria and ventricles
to contract
The medulla oblongata regulates the
pacemaker 
17. What is blood pressure, and
when and why does it change?
Blood pressure is the force that the
blood exerts on the blood vessels
It rises sharply when the ventricles
contract (called systolic pressure)
It drops dramatically when the
ventricles relax (called diastolic
pressure) 
18. Overview the urinary system and
identify the location and function of each
part.
Made up of:
Two kidneys  just above the waist,
filters blood
A pair of ureters  tube connected to
the kidneys, drain to the bladder
One urinary bladder  smooth muscle
bag that stores urine
One urethra  expels urine from the
body 
19. Describe how the kidneys
work to filter blood waste.
Each kidney is made up of about 1 million
nephrons, the filters of the blood
1. Blood enters the nephron at a high pressure
2. It goes to the glomerulus, a bed of capillaries, and
all nutrients and wastes pass into the Bowman’s
capsule
3. Most ions, water, and nutrients are reabsorbed
into the bloodstream
4. Wastes are held back to be expelled 
20. What is urine, and how does it go
from the kidneys out of your body?
Urine  excess water, waste molecules,
and excess ions from the blood
You produce about 2 liters per day
(depending on how much liquid you drink)
The waste flows out of your kidneys, into
the ureters, to the bladder, and out
through the urethra 
21. How does the urinary system help
your body maintain homeostasis?
Most waste products are ammonia and urea
and come from the breakdown of proteins
in the cells
These are toxic compounds and need to be
removed regularly
Salt levels and the pH of the blood are also
governed by the kidneys
Glucose (sugar) in urine indicates diabetes
