Download Blood Pressure

PASS Content Standard 5.1
The complexity and organization
of organisms accommodates the
need for obtaining, transforming,
transporting, releasing, and
eliminating the matter and energy
used to sustain the organism.
C55H70MgN4O6
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C55H70MgN4O6
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis - 5 min
H2 O
O2 + ATP + NADPH2
Water is split giving off oxygen.
H2 O
O2 + ATP + NADPH2
This system depends
on sunlight for
activation energy.
H2 O
O2 + ATP + NADPH2
Light is absorbed by
chlorophyll a which "excites"
electrons in the chlorophyll
molecule.
ATP + NADPH2 + CO2
C6H12O6
Carbon dioxide is split,
providing carbon
to make sugars.
ATP + NADPH2 + CO2
C6H12O6
The ultimate product
is glucose.
ATP + NADPH2 + CO2
C6H12O6
While this system depends
on the products from the
light reactions, it does not
directly require light energy.
The sites of
photosynthesis
in plant cells.
Chlorophyll is only found
in chloroplasts,
never in cell cytoplasm.
5 Factors Determining
Rate of Photosynthesis:
1. Light intensity
Light limited - Light saturated
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5 Factors Determining
Rate of Photosynthesis:
2. Temperature
Rate increases up to
o
o
25 C (77 F)
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5 Factors Determining
Rate of Photosynthesis:
3. Length of day
5 Factors Determining
Rate of Photosynthesis:
4. Amount of CO2 available
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5 Factors Determining
Rate of Photosynthesis:
5. Air Pollution
The release of
energy in cells
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
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Respiration
in mitochondria
in chloroplasts
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Respiration - 2 min
ATP is the
energy molecule
of cells
The first phosphate
bond is broken by
cellular processes,
releasing energy
and producing ADP
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ATP - 3 min
A two-step
process
Step
1
Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar,
is split into two
3-carbon sugars...
Step
2
which are then
converted into
2 pyruvic acid
molecules.
Each pyruvic
acid molecule
enters the
cycle.
The Krebs Cycle can produce
30 ATP molecules from one
glucose molecule.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
occurs in animal cells due
to a lack of oxygen, causing
muscle soreness as
lactic acid builds up.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
While no ATP is produced,
a carrier molecule allows
glycolysis to continue.
Anaerobic Respiration
(without oxygen) can only
produce 2 ATP molecules
from each glucose molecule.
Aerobic Respiration
(with oxygen) can produce
38 ATP molecules from
each glucose molecule.
What is it?
Metabolism: ALL the
chemical processes
related to the use of
energy in the body.
Digestion: the two-part
process that changes
food into a form
usable by body cells.
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Digestion - 8 min
Physical Digestion
breaks large pieces
into smaller ones.
Adults have 32
8 Incisors
4 Canines
8 Premolars
12 Molars
Chemical
Digestion
changes complex
chemicals into
simple ones.
The average male
will eat about
50 tons of food
during his lifetime!
The
Digestive
System
Food generally takes
18 to 20 hours
to pass through the
alimentary canal
The
alimentary
canal
(food tube)
1
is 8 /2
meters
long.
8
1/
2
Meters
Mouth 15 centimeters
8
1/
2
Meters
Esophagus 50 centimeters
8
1/
2
Meters
Stomach 30 centimeters
8
1/
2
Meters
Small Intestine 5.75 meters
8
1/
2
Meters
Large Intestine 1.65 meters,
165 centimeters
Serving Size
Amount
Per Serving
Required Nutrients
Vitamins A & C,
Calcium and Iron
% Daily Values
Reduced Fat - 2% Milk
Chocolate Non-Fat Milk
The “finger-test” is used with a
food label to easily determine
just how “nutritious” a food is.
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Your body
contains
about
5 liters
of blood.
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Blood - 4 min
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
Systolic pressure, the first
and highest number...
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
is the force the heart places
on the walls of the arteries
as it pumps with each heartbeat.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
Diastolic pressure, the second
and lowest number...
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
is the pressure on the walls
of the arteries when the heart
relaxes between beats.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
Both measurements
are important.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
A high systolic pressure
indicates strain on the vessels
when the heart contracts.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
A high diastolic pressure means
the vessels have little chance
to relax between heartbeats.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
Occasional high blood
pressure is common.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
Anxiety, exercise, or
nervousness can
cause a high reading.
Blood Pressure:
"one-ten over seventy"
A sustained pressure
of 140 / 90 is
considered unhealthy.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
Normal blood flowing
through vessels does
not make a sound.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
Cuff pressure causes turbulent
flow and vibrations that produce
the “tapping” sounds...
Measuring
Blood Pressure
known as the
sounds of Korotkoff.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
A cuff is inflated
around the arm stopping blood
flow through
the brachial artery.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
Listening to blood
flow below the cuff,
the sound will stop
when the
ventricles are not
producing enough pressure to
force blood past the pressure of the cuff.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
Air pressure in
the cuff is now
slowly released.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
The first sounds of
blood passing
through the artery
means that the
ventricles have
pumped with just enough force...
Measuring
Blood Pressure
to overcome the
pressure exerted
by the cuff.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
This is the systolic
pressure the pressure
of the blood
when the ventricles contract.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
Air pressure
continues to be
released from
the cuff,
listening for the
disappearance of sound.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
The sound stops
when there is
a steady flow
of blood.
Measuring
Blood Pressure
This is the
diastolic
pressure - the
pressure of the
blood when the ventricles relax.
Pulse:
The pulse averages 70 - 76
beats per minute in a
normal resting person.
Radial Pulse:
Rest your right arm in the palm of
your left hand. Curl the fingers of
your left hand up around the thumb
side of your right wrist.
Radial Pulse:
Place several fingers of your left
hand along and just to the outside
of the tendon that runs along
your wrist.
Radial Pulse:
With gentle pressure, you should
be able to feel your pulse.
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Blood pressure - 2 min
What Is This?
Your lung
surface area
is about
1000
2
m
Your total
lung
capacity is
5 to 6 liters
A normal
breath
moves
about
1/ liter
2
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Breathing - 3 min
Inspiration
When air flows
into the lungs
Tidal Volume - the amount of air
moved during normal breathing.
Approximately 1/2 liter (1 pint).
Inspiration
When air flows
into the lungs
Inspiratory Reserve - the amount of
air that can be taken in forcibly
over the tidal volume.
About 3 1/2 Liters.
Expiration
When air flows
out of the lungs
Expiratory Reserve - the amount of
air that can be forcibly exhaled
after tidal expiration.
About 1 1/2 Liters.
Expiration
When air flows
out of the lungs
Residual Volume - the amount of air
that remains in the lungs even
after the most strenuous expiration.
About 1 1/2 Liters.
Take a deep breath, close the
glottis, force air from the lungs
against the glottis.
The glottis opens
suddenly and a
blast of air rushes
upward.
Cough
A cough acts to clear
the lower respiratory
passageway.
Cough
Similar to a cough, except that
expelled air is directed through
nasal cavities instead
of through the
oral cavity.
Sneeze
The uvula, a flap of tissue
hanging from the soft palate,
becomes depressed and
closes the oral cavity
off from the
pharynx, routing
the air through
nasal cavities.
Sneeze
Sudden inspirations resulting
from spasms of the
diaphragm - initiated by
irritation of the
diaphragm or
phrenic nerves,
which serve
the diaphragm.
Hiccups
The sound of a hiccup
occurs when inspired
air hits vocal folds
of the closed glottis.
Hiccups
Very deep inspiration, taken
with jaws wide open.
Formerly believed triggered by
a need to increase the
amount of oxygen
in the blood, this
theory is now
being questioned.
Yawn
A yawn ventilates all
alveoli, which is not
the case in normal,
quiet breathing.
Yawn
Excretion is the removal
of metabolic wastes
from the body
The most common
mammalian metabolic
waste product is urea,
CH4N2O
CO2
is also a metabolic
waste product,
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Excretion - 2 min
Kidneys
Lungs
Skin