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Circulatory System Regents Biology 2006-2007 Functions of the Circulatory System To circulate substances throughout the body. These organs function to supply cells and tissues with O2 and nutrients but also remove waste as well. If cells do not receive O2 or nutrients, waste accumulate, cell will DIE!!! Cardiology – is the study of the heart and the diseases associated with it Regents Biology Anatomy of the Circulatory System 1.Blood 2.Heart 3.Blood Vessels Regents Biology Circulatory System Blood Regents Biology 2006-2007 What is Blood? Blood is a connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid called plasma. WHY!!!! The study of blood, blood-forming, and the disorders of blood is known as hematology Regents Biology Function of Blood 1. Transport - O2, hormones, nutrients, 2. 3. and CO2 throughout the body Defense – against infections, bacteria, viruses, blood clotting, and antibodies Regulation (homeostasis) – 1. 2. Regents Biology Body temperature Salts and plasma proteins 14-2 Blood Volume How much blood does an average human have? About 5 liters. varies with body size changes in fluid concentration changes in electrolyte concentration amount of adipose tissue (fat) Regents Biology 14-3 Blood & blood cells Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells plasma (55% of volume) fluid dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more cells (45% of volume) red blood cells (RBC) transport O2 in hemoglobin white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity platelets blood clotting Regents Biology Blood Compostion Regents Biology 14-4 Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis Stem cells “parent” cells in bone marrow differentiate into many different types of cells Regents Biology white blood cells white blood cells red blood cells Types of Blood Cells 1. Red Blood Cells 2. White Blood Cells 3. Platelets Regents Biology Red blood cells Small round cells produced in bone marrow lose nuclei & mitochondria more space for hemoglobin iron-containing protein that transports O2 last 3-4 months (120 days) filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second Regents Biology Hemoglobin Protein which carries O2 O2 O2 Regents Biology Red blood cell production 5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood 5 liters of blood in body = 25 trillion RBC produce ~3 million RBC every second in bone marrow to replace cells lost each RBC 250,000 molecules hemoglobin Regents Biology emergency repair of circulatory system Blood clotting chemical emergency signals Regents Biology platelets seal the hole fibrin protein fibers build clot White Blood Cells • leukocytes • protect against disease Two Types of WBC • granulocytes • neutrophils • eosinophils • basophils Regents Biology • agranulocytes • lymphocytes • monocytes 14-12 Neutrophils •first to arrive at infections •elevated in bacterial infections Regents Biology 14-13 Basophils • deep blue granules is basic stain • release histamine • release heparin Regents Biology 14-14 Eosinophils •elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions Regents Biology 14-15 Monocytes • largest blood cell •elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis Regents Biology 14-16 Lymphocytes • T cells • important in immunity • produce antibodies • decreased T Cells in AIDS Regents Biology 14-17 Blood Platlets • thrombocytes •helps control blood loss from broken vessels • are produced at a rate of 2 billion per day • no nucleus and only last 10 days Regents Biology 14-20 Blood Plasma • a clear, yellow liquid, composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, and many more substances • 55% of blood – 92% water • Functions as solvent, in transport, temperature regulation, and serves as sites of metabolic reactions Regents Biology 14-21 Blood Typing There are antigens present on the cell membrane surface of our RBC’s. Antigen – a protein that stimulates the immune system to produce anti-bodies. Antibody - A protein substance produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or a toxin Our plasma contains these antibodies that are against the antigens If the RBC’s antigen and the plasma antibody are the same, the serious condition of hemolysis (bursting) of Rbc ‘s will occur. Regents Biology ABO Blood Typing Inherited trait Determined by the antigens of a person’s RBC’s 4 Types 1. 2. 3. 4. Type A – antigen A on rbc Type B – antigen B on the rbc Type AB – both anitgen A and B on rbc Type O – neither A or B antigen on rbc Regents Biology ABO Blood Typing Shortly after birth, our bodies develop antibodies against the RBC antigens Antibodies formed include o Person with Type A – develop Anti B antibodies o Person with Type B – develop Anti A antibodies o Person with Type AB – do not develop A or B antibodies o Person with Type O – develop both Anti – A and B antibodies. Regents Biology ABO Blood Group Regents Biology 14-33 Blood Typing Lab! Regents Biology Blood Typing and Transfusions Blood Transfusion – is the transfer of blood from one individual into the blood of another. In order for transfusions to be done safely, it is necessary for the blood to be typed to prevent agglutination. Agglutination – clumping of red blood cells Regents Biology Agglutination Regents Biology 14-34 BLOOD TYPE A B AB O Antigen on rbc’s A B A and B neither A or B Antibodies in plasma B A neither A or B both A and B Compatible donors A, O B, O AB, A, B, O O Incompatible donors B, AB A, AB NONE A, B, AB Regents Biology Circulatory System The Heart Regents Biology 2006-2007 Location of the Heart • posterior to sternum • medial to lungs • anterior to vertebral column • base lies beneath 2nd rib • apex at 5th intercostal space • lies upon diaphragm Regents Biology 15-3 Structure and Function of the Heart Pumps blood to all the blood vessels; to all the cells of the body. Is covered by a protective sac called pericardium. The heart is divided into right and left sides by the interventricular septum. Each side consists of an atria and ventricle. Regents Biology Feeding the Need for Energy Supplies in fuel (sugars) digestive system oxygen respiratory system Waste out CO2 respiratory system Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body circulatory system Regents Biology Circulatory system Made up of 3 parts organ heart tissues & cells blood red blood cells blood vessels (vascular system) arteries veins capillaries Regents Biology Circulatory systems All animals have: muscular pump = heart tubes = blood vessels circulatory fluid = “blood” open hemolymph Regents Biology closed blood Vertebrate Heart 4-Chambered heart atria (atrium) thin wall collection chamber left atrium receive blood ventricles thick wall pump right pump blood out atrium Regents Biology right ventricle left ventricle Heart valves 4 valves in the heart flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow SL Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles pump “lub” Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles “dub” Regents Biology AV AV Valves of the Heart • fibrous rings to which the heart valves are attached Regents Biology 15-10 Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds closing of valves “Lub” SL force blood against AV closed AV valves “Dub” AV force of blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve Regents Biology Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase systole ventricles pumps blood out relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood Regents Biology Electrical signals allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses Biology Regents signal also transmitted to skin = EKG Electrocardiogram • recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium • used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses P wave – atria’s contract QRS wave – ventricle's contract T wave – ventricular repolarization (recharge) Regents Biology 15-24 Electrocardiogram Regents Biology 15-25 Electrocardiogram Regents Biology 15-25 Regents Biology 15-27 Electrocardiogram A prolonged QRS complex may result from damage to the A-V bundle fibers Regents Biology 15-26 Rhythms of the Heart 1. Normal Sinus 2. Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) 3. Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) 4. Asystole Regents Biology 15-26 Cardiac Cycle ventricles fill How is this reflected in blood pressure measurements? systolic ________ diastolic chambers fill pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) Regents Biology 110 ________ 80 ventricles pump Measurement of blood pressure if systolic > 150 hypertension = or (high blood pressure) if diastolic > 90 Regents Biology Any Questions?? Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System Blood Vessels Regents Biology 2006-2007 Regents Biology Blood vessels arteries veins artery venules arterioles arterioles capillaries venules veins Regents Biology Arteries: Built for their job Arteries blood flows away from heart thicker walls provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood elastic & stretchable maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes Regents Biology Major arteries aorta carotid = to head to brain & left arm to right arm to body pulmonary artery pulmonary coronary artery = arteries to lungs Regents Biology Veins: Built for their job Veins Blood flows toward heart blood returns back to heartOpen valve thinner-walled blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure why low pressure? far from heart blood flows because muscles contract when we move Closed valve squeeze blood through veins valves in large veins in larger veins one-way valves Regents Biology allow blood to flow only toward heart Major Veins superior vena cava = from upper body pulmonary vein = from lung inferior Regentsvena Biology cava = from lower body pulmonary vein = from lung Structure-function relationship Capillaries very thin walls allows exchange of materials across capillary Regents Biology Controlling blood flow to tissues Capillary function exchange between blood & tissues O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincter valves Regents Biology pre-capillary sphincters open pre-capillary sphincters closed Capillary Beds Blood flow at any given time, only 5-10% of body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles Why? capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity Regents Biology Circulation of Blood 2 part system Circulation to lungs Circulation to lungs lungs blood gets O2 from lungs brings O2-rich blood back to heart Circulation to body heart pumps O2-rich blood to body picks up nutrients from digestive system brings CO2 & cell wastes from body to heart Regents Biology body Circulation to body Vertebrate circulatory system 2 part system lungs artery to lungs vein from lungs to heart heart vein from body to heart body Regents Biology artery to body Stops along the way… Lungs pick up O2 / clean out CO2 Small Intestines pick up nutrients from digested food Large Intestines pick up water from digested food Liver clean out worn out blood cells Regents Biology More stops along the way… Kidneys filters out wastes (urea) excess salts, sugars & water Bone picks up new red blood cells Spleen picks up new white blood cells Regents Biology Any Questions?? Regents Biology 2006-2007 Cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis deposits inside arteries (plaques) develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel increase blood pressure increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal artery Regents Biology hardening of arteries Cardiovascular health Genetic effects Diet diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease Exercise & lifestyle smoking & lack of exercise increases risk of CV disease Regents Biology bypass surgery Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001) Heart Disease 696,947 Cancer 557,271 Stroke 162,672 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742 Diabetes 73,249 Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681 Alzheimer's disease 58,866 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis 40,974 Septicemia 33,865 Regents Biology Heart Disease Heart disease death rates 1996-2002 Adults ages 35 and older Regents Biology Women & Heart Disease Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002 Risk factors Smoking Lack of exercise High fat diet Overweight Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years. Regents Biology Any Questions?? Regents Biology 2006-2007 Lymphatic system Parallel circulatory system transports WBC defending against infection collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood maintains volume & protein concentration of blood drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium transports fats from digestive system to circulatory system Regents Biology Lymph System Regents Biology Thermoregulation Vasodilation & vasoconstriction adjusts blood flow evaporative cooling Regents Biology Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Counter Current Exchange blood from arteries warms blood in veins 36˚C core body temperature 5˚C temperature of environment Warm blood Veins Artery Veins Cold blood Capillary Regentsbed Biology Coronary arteries bypass surgery Regents Biology Simpler organisms When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion all cells within easy reach of fluid Regents Biology Jellyfish Hydra