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Structural levels of organization:
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body has many levels of organization
simplest level is the chemical level (study on your own in ch.2)
Atoms
o
Tiny building blocks come together to form

molecules
o
come together to form
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cells
o
smallest unit of living things
o
basic structure of all living things
cellular level examined in chapter 3.
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tissues
o
groups of similar cells with common function
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4 basic types
o
come together to make up…
organs
o
complex functions become possible
organ system
o
group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common
purpose
organism
o
made up of 11 systems
o
highest level of structural organization
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
1. Integumentary
A. Skin
I.
waterproofs the body
ii.
Cushions and protects
iii.
Excretes salts and urea in perspiration
iv.
Help regulate body temperature
B. Receptors
I.
Pain
ii.
Pressure
iii.
temperature
QuickTime™ and a
TIF F (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this pict ure.
2. Skeletal
A. bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
i. Supports the body and provides a framework
for skeletal muscles to do work.
B. Has a protective function
I. skull
C. Hematopoiesis
I. formation of blood cells
D. Storage of minerals
QuickTi me™ and a
TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi ctur e.
3. Muscular
A. Have one fuction…to contract (shorten)
1.
Types
a.
skeletal
b.
cardiac
c.
smooth
4. Nervous
A. Body’s fast acting control system
B. Consists of:
1. Spinal Cord
2. Brain
3. Nerves
4. Sensory receptors
5. Endocrine
A. Body’s slow acting control system
B. Produces chemical molecules called hormones
I.
released into blood
ii.
Travel to distant organs
C. made up of:
I.
Pituitary gland
ii.
Thyroid gland
iii.
Parathyroid gland
iv.
Adrenal glands
v.
thymus
vi.
Pancreas
vii.
Pineal
viii.
Ovaries (female)
ix.
Testes (male)
6. Cardiovascular
A. Heart and blood vessels
1. Uses blood to transport to and from tissues
a. Oxygen
b. Nutrients
c. Hormones
d. Other substances
7. Lymphatic
A. Compliments the cardiovascular system
I.
includes
1.
Lymphatic vessels
2.
Lymph nodes
3.
Spleen
4.
Tonsils
ii.
Return leaked fluids to the cv system
iii.
Work extensively on immunity
8. Respiratory
A. Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen
and removed carbon dioxide
B. consists of
I.
Nasal passages
ii.
Pharynx
iii.
Larynx
iv.
Trachea
v.
bronchi
vi.
Lungs
a.
contain tiny air sacks
1.
Alveoli
2.
Gasseous exhange takes
place here
9. Digestive
A. Tube running from mouth to anus
i. Include
a. Oral cavity
b. Esophagus
c. Stomach
d. Small and large intestines
e. Rectum
ii. Role is to break down food and deliver products
To the blood
iii. Undigested food is expelled as feces
B. Breakdown
I. starts in the mouth
ii. Ends in the small intestine
iii. End of digestive system is for
reabsorption of fluids
C. Other organs
i. Liver
a. Produces bile to breakdown fats
ii. Pancreas
a. Insulin to transport sugars
10. Urinary
A. Removes waste from the body
i. Usually nitrogen containing products
B. AKA excretory system
C. Composed of:
i. Kidneys
ii. Ureters
iii. Bladder
iv. Urethra
D. Maintains body salt and water balance
E. Regulates acid and base of blood as well
11. Reproductive
A. Function is to produce offspring
i. Sperm are produced by the males
a. Structures
1. Scrotum
2. Penis
3. Accessory glands
4. Duct system
ii. Eggs are produced by the females
b. Structures
a. Uterine tubes
b. Uterus
c. vagina