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Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms. A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function is called tissues. A group of different tissues that work together to perform a function is an organ. Groups of organs working together form organ systems. All organ systems work together to make a fully functioning organism—YOU! Warm, dilute Warm, dilute ocean waters ocean waters Unicellular • All cells in direct contact with environment • All cells can easily get nutrients in & waste out by diffusion Multicellular • Internal cells not in direct contact with environment • Internal cells can’t get nutrients in & waste out • Need organ systems Had to evolve organ systems for: getting materials in & around digestive system respiratory system circulatory system removing wastes respiratory system excretory system Digestion is the process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can use The digestive system takes in food, breaks it down, and gets rid of undigested molecules and waste. Mouth—begins digestion by taking in food Teeth—mechanically breaks down food into pieces Tongue—tastes the food (makes sure it is safe); moves the food around and mixes it with saliva Salivary Glands—produce saliva which contains Salivary amylase (breaks down complex carbohydrates) Epiglottis—a flap of tissue that moves over the opening of the trachea, so that food does not enter the trachea Pharynx—the passage from the mouth to the larynx (produces vocal sounds) and esophagus Esophagus—a long, straight tube that connects the pharynx and stomach The stomach is a muscular, saclike organ. Function: secretes gastric juice (combination of HCl acid and Pepsin); churns the food and coats it, beginning digestion. Pepsin—a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins Function: secretes bile, converts extra sugars to glycogen for storage, stores fat-soluble vitamins and iron and detoxifies poisons. Bile—a greenish fluid that breaks fat globules into tiny fat droplets, promotes absorption of vitamins Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate that stores glucose Gall Bladder—Stores bile Liver, Gall Bladder, and Bile Duct Function: Secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine, secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar, secretes pancreatic fluid Insulin—a hormone that regulates the release of glucose into the blood Pancreatic Fluid—raises the pH of stomach acid, contains many digestive enzymes Function—the majority of food digestion occurs in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), the absorption of nutrients occurs in the jejunum and ileum Villi—small projections from the cells in the lining of the small intestine which absorb the nutrients Villi of Small Intestine Function—mineral ions and water are absorbed from waste material(no digestion occurs here). Also in the large intestine are microbes which synthesize vitamin K and several B vitamins, which your body cannot easily get from food Appendix—no function in humans. (called caecum in pigs) Rectum—stores solid wastes Anus—eliminates wastes The heart, blood vessels, and blood make up the cardiovascular system Oxygen from the lungs is moved throughout the body by the blood Nutrients from digested foods are absorbed by the blood and carried to all the body’s cells Cellular waste products are moved by blood to the urinary system Hormones, substances that help regulate body functions, are carried by the bloodstream Organ heart Tissues & cells Blood vessels arteries veins capillaries Blood red blood cells plasma (liquid) Chambers and Blood Vessels of the Heart 4-Chambered heart atria (atrium) thin wall collection chamber receive blood ventricles thick wall pump pump blood out left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart fish 2 chamber V amphibian 3 chamber reptiles 3 chamber A A V A A V A V birds & mammals 4 chamber A V A V 4 valves in the heart flaps of tissue prevent backflow of blood SL Heart sounds closing of valves “Lub” force blood against closed AV valves “Dub” force of blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve AV AV arteries veins artery venules arterioles arterioles capillaries venules veins Arteries blood flows away from heart thicker walls provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood elastic & stretchable Blood flows toward heart Veins blood returns back to heart thinner-walled Open valve blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure why low pressure? blood flows because muscles contract when we move far from heart Closed valve squeeze blood through veins valves in large veins in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Capillaries very thin walls allows diffusion of materials across capillary O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste waste body cell CO2 O2 food Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells plasma liquid part of blood dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more cells red blood cells (RBC) white blood cells (WBC) transport O2 in hemoglobin defense & immunity platelets blood clotting ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis Stem cells “parent” cells white blood cells in bone marrow develop into all the different red blood types of blood cells cells red blood cells white blood cells white blood cells Small round cells produced in bone marrow 5 liters of blood in body 5-6 million RBC in drop of human blood last 3-4 months (120 days) filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second Protein which carries O2 250,000 hemoglobin proteins in one red blood cell O2 O2 O2 O2 Why do we need a respiratory system? 1. To bring Oxygen in. Oxygen is needed for cells to break down glucose to make ATP. 2. To take out Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration and must be taken out of the body. What is Respiration? The exchange of gases from the environment to the body. Functions of the Major Organs: Nose and Mouth—brings in air Sinus Cavity—moistens, cleans and warms the air before it goes down to the lungs Throat—contains Larynx (voice box) for speech Lungs—Function: Major organ of respiratory system; gas exchange Trachea—Function: rigid tube that transports air to lungs Bronchus & Bronchioles—Function: branches off of trachea, delivers air to alveoli Diaphragm—Function: muscle that expands and contracts the lungs Bronchus—branches off of the trachea Bronchioles—smaller branches of the Bronchus Bronchioles end in Alveoli—’little air sacs’ Alveoli—little air sacs where gas exchange occurs. expand when air is taken in, contract as air is exhaled. Closely associated with capillaries from the pulmonary veins and arteries. Structure spongy texture high surface area more absorption of O2 moist lining mucus traps dust, pollen, particles covered by cilia hair-like extensions of cells move mucus upward to clear out lungs Inhale O2 passes from alveoli to blood by diffusion Exhale CO2 passes from blood to alveoli by diffusion capillaries (circulatory system) Gases move by diffusion from high to low concentration capillaries are thin-walled tubes of circulatory system alveoli are thin-walled sacs of respiratory system capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle O2 O2 O2 O2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 blood lungs blood body Diaphragm moves down & expands chest cavity pulls air into lungs inhale exhale What is the excretory system? The organ system that removes wastes produced during metabolic reactions Animal cells move material across the cell membrane by diffusion nutrients nutrients in sugar from digestive system CO2 fuels for energy in urea from digestive system O2 oxygen in from respiratory system nutrients sugar waste out O2 CO2, urea from cells to respiratory system, to excretory system Digesting protein makes poison Nitrogen waste= ammonia=poison When the Amino group is removed, it makes ammonia, NH3 In land animals, the NH3 is converted to urea When the other functional groups are removed, they are lost as carbon dioxide and water Nitrogen waste The kind of nitrogen waste you make depends on where you live Freshwater animals Make ammonia Land animals (not egg layers) Make urea Land egg layer Make uric acid Freshwater animals If you have a lot of water you can dilute the waste before it poisons you excrete ammonia through gills and as urine Land animals need to save H2O evolved less poisonous waste product urea excrete urea & H2O as urine Egg-laying land animals no place to get rid of waste while in egg needs waste that doesn’t dissolve in water inside egg uric acid stays a powder inside egg birds, reptiles, insects Mammals have a pair of bean-shaped kidneys supplied with blood by a renal artery and a renal vein Kidney—filters urea out of blood; makes urine Vena cava Aorta Renal Artery Kidney Ureter—delivers urine to urinary bladder Urinary bladder—stores urine Urethra—delivers urine out of body Renal Vein Vena cava-carries filtered blood back to heart Aorta—brings blood to kidney to be filtered Renal artery-a branch off of the aorta which carries blood to the kidney Renal vein—blood vessel coming from the kidney to the vena cava Cortex—outer area of the kidney; contains numerous blood vessels Medulla—inner area of the kidney; contains the structures of the nephron that maintain salt and water balance Ureter—collects urine and transports it to bladder Nephron—the filtering structures of the kidney; filters nitrogen waste out of the blood Renal Artery—brings blood to the kidney to be filtered Renal Vein—takes filtered blood back to the heart Reproductive Systems 2006-2007 Humans reproduce sexually by internal fertilization. The roles of the male reproductive system are to produce sperm and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system. *Seminal vesicle— helps make semen, nutrient-rich liquid that helps sperm cells survive Urethra—delivers urine and sperm outside body Scrotum—sac that holds and protects testis Penis—organ that delivers sperm into female reproductive tract Urinary Bladder— stores urine Prostate and Bulbourethral Glands-* Erectile tissue—fills with blood Delivers sperm to urethra where sperm cells mature Where sperm cells are made Testes have hundreds of compartments packed with tightly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. Sperm cells are produced by meiosis in the seminiferous tubules. In addition, the testes produce testosterone. Testosterone—a hormone that stimulates sperm production and the growth of facial hair and other male features. Sperm production starts during puberty and continues throughout adulthood. Sperm form in testis, then travel to epididymis, where they mature. From there, they move to the vas deferens, which carries sperm to the urethra. As sperm move into the urethra, they mix with fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands. The tail of a sperm cell is a powerful flagellum that whips back and forth, allowing it to move. During fertilization, only the head of the sperm enters an egg. A mature sperm cell has a head with very little cytoplasm, a midpiece (with many mitochondria), and a long tail. Enzymes produced at the tip of the head help the sperm cell penetrate the egg during fertilization. Ovaries Uterus & Endometrium tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus Cervix nurtures fetus; Endometrium is the lining which builds up each month Fallopian tubes (oviduct) produces eggs & hormones opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina birth canal for birthing baby Corpus luteum—a temporary endocrine gland that produces progesterone to maintain the uterus if pregnancy occurs Follicle—the supporting cells which nurture the egg as it matures The ovaries produce egg cells. They also secrete estrogen and progesterone, the female sex hormones. The female reproductive system produces one viable egg per month. When an egg cell matures, it is called an ovum. After the ovum is released from an ovary, cilia sweep the ovum into a fallopian tube. This tube moves the ovum from an ovary to the uterus. If sperm are present in the fallopian tube during this time, the ovum may become fertilized.