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Active Lecture Questions for BIOLOGY, Eighth Edition Neil Campbell & Jane Reece Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Questions prepared by Ruth Buskirk, University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Which of the following is the main trait of insects that allows them to succeed when they have open circulatory systems, not closed? a) Open systems require less energy for pumping blood (hemolymph). b) Another system, not the circulatory system, carries O2 to cells. c) They have close regulation on distribution of blood to different organs. d) Their rigid exoskeleton helps deflect blood back to the heart. e) Body fluids can move freely between vessels and interstitial spaces. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. What is the adaptive advantage of having a double circulation system and three-chambered heart, as found in amphibians, over the single circuit and two-chambered heart of fish? a) There can be capillary beds in both the respiratory organ and body systems. b) The additional chamber increases the speed of blood flow to the respiratory organ. c) Oxygenated blood can return to the heart for additional pumping before going to systemic flow. d) Oxygenated blood is kept completely separate from deoxygenated blood in the heart. e) Because amphibians are higher vertebrates than fish, they have a more advanced heart. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. What attributes of specialized atria cells account for two specialized heart features: their spontaneous contraction and the contraction of the two atria in unison? a) Autorhythmic pacemaker cells account for both features. b) Gap junctions account for both features. c) External input accounts for both features. d) Autorhythmic pacemaker cells account for the first and gap junctions for the second. e) Gap junctions account for the first and autorhythmic pacemaker cells for the second. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Tell-Tale Heart,” a murder victim’s heart continued to beat after it was removed from the body. What feature of the heartbeat is the fact behind this fiction? a) Heart pacemaker cells contract spontaneously, requiring no input. b) Nerves controlling heartbeat fire spontaneously, requiring no input. c) Hormones controlling heartbeat are released spontaneously. d) Powerful ventricle contractions are spontaneous, requiring no input. e) Pulsing of blood in the heart chambers is spontaneous, maintaining the heartbeat. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Which combination explains the fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid as blood is entering and leaving a capillary? a) Fluid pressure forces fluid out of the vessel and into interstitial fluid when blood enters a capillary, then pulls it back into the blood at the venous end. b) Osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the vessel and into interstitial fluid when blood enters a capillary, then pulls it back at the venous end. c) Fluid pressure forces fluid out of the vessel and into interstitial fluid when blood enters a capillary, and osmotic pressure pulls it back in at the venous end of the capillary. d) Osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the vessel and into interstitial fluid when blood enters a capillary, and fluid pressure pulls it back in at the venous end of the capillary. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. In response to a period of low O2 in circulating blood, the kidney secretes the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates erythrocyte production. This system involves a negative feedback control because a) when the EPO level rises above a certain point, the kidney stops producing it. b) when the EPO level rises above a certain point, the kidney makes much more of it. c) when the O2 level in tissues falls to a normal level, the kidney stops producing EPO. d) when the O2 level in tissues rises to a normal level, the kidney stops producing EPO. e) when the O2 level in tissues rises to a normal level, the kidney makes much more EPO. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Which of the following best describes the advantage of a capillary system with countercurrent flow over a system with concurrent flow? a) More diffusion occurs at the beginning of capillary flow than midway through the capillary. b) More diffusion occurs at the end of capillary flow than midway through the capillary. c) At each point in the capillary is a concentration gradient that promotes diffusion. d) At each point in the capillary, the walls are thin to promote diffusion. e) Counter-current systems provide greater surface area for diffusion. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Which of the following does not serve as respiratory epithelium for gas exchange? a) frog skin b) fish gill membranes c) insect tracheal tubules d) bird air sac membranes e) human alveolar membranes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. When PO2 is about 100 mm Hg, typical in the lungs, hemoglobin becomes nearly completely saturated with O2. When that fully oxygenated hemoglobin arrives in capillaries near the muscle, where PO2 is about 40 mm Hg, what percent of its O2 does it release and unload at that point? a) 10% b) 30% c) 50% d) 70% e) 90% Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. When there is a drop in pH, the shape of the hemoglobin protein changes a bit, and the O2 binding curve shifts to the right. This curve shows the normal oxygen saturation curve of hemoglobin. Under conditions of lower pH, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at PO2 about 40 mm Hg will be closest to which of these? a) 10% b) 30% c) 50% d) 70% e) 90% Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.