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Respiration, Circulation, & Execretion Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. Respiratory System • Organs Include: 2 lungs and a series of passageways (nasal, throat, windpipe, & bronchial tubes) • Respiration = process of gas exchange (O2 in and CO2 out) • Alveoli = small sacs in lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange by diffusion between air and blood Mechanics of Breathing • Diaphragm is relaxed and ribs are contracted when exhaling • Diaphragm is contracted and ribs are expanded during inhaling QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Control of Respiration • Breathing is involuntary process • Controlled by blood chemistry and medulla (brain stem) Circulatory System QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. Blood Cells & Functions Blood is a tissue composed of fluid, cells, & fragments of cells • Red blood cells: transport oxygen & carbon dioxide, lack nucleus, contain hemoglobin • White Blood cells: large, several types, all contain nuclei, defend body against diseases • Platelets: used for clotting • Plasma: contains proteins, transports of blood cells, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, and inorganic salts throughout body. • Arteries: large, thick-walled muscular, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart • Capillaries: microscopic blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick • Veins: large blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart; equipped with valves to force blood against gravity, usually thinner and have lesser pressure on them Organs of Circulatory System QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Structures QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Heart • Aria: upper two chambers • Ventricles: lower two chambers • Blood enters in the left aria then is pumped to the left ventricle, the blood then travels to the lungs and then back to the heart where it enters the right aria then is pumped to the right ventricle, then to the rest of the body Heart Structures to Know • • • • • Atriums Ventricles Vena Cava Aorta Which are veins and arteries on picture? QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Blood Pressure and Pulse • Pulse: surge of blood through an artery; measured in beats per minute; average is between 60-80 bpm • Heart rate is set by the pacemaker: bundle of nerve cells located at the top of right atrium • ECG: electrocardiogram measures electrical signals • Blood pressure: force blood exerts on blood vessels; normal blood pressure is 120/80 – Systolic pressure: top number, when ventricles are contracted – Diastolic pressure: bottom number, when ventricles are relaxed right before they contract • Includes the following organs: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra • Function: to maintain homeostasis by regulating sodium levels in the body, controls osmotic pressure, gets rid of nitrogenous waste, regulates blood pH levels, and it also filters out excess glucose in the blood Urinary System QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.