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Vertebrate Classes All in Chordate Phylum 1 All vertebrates have… Bilateral symmetry Fully developed coelom with organs Closed circulatory system Endoskeleton with spinal cord 2 Vertebrate Classes Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals 3 Types of Fish Lamprey and hagfish (jawless) bony fish Shark (cartilage) 4 Lampreys/Hagfish Jawless Fish Lampreys attach to fish-parasites Have “round sucker like mouths” • Hagfish are Scavengers of dead and dying fish on ocean bottom Sharks, Skates, Rays • Jaws • The shark’s mouth has 6 to 20 rows of backward-pointing teeth • Some can detect blood from an injured animal as far as 500 miles away • No swim bladder 6 Bony Fish Most are familiar fishes and include snake-like eels, salmon, trout, bass, herring, and lantern fish (most fish we eat) 7 Bony Fish Fishes are the most numerous of all vertebrates and most widespread in their distribution Ectothermic 8 Obtain Oxygen Fish obtain O2 through their gills Fish can extract 85 % of the oxygen passing over the gills Blood goes to the gills, is oxygenated and sent to all parts of the body Single loop circulation in fish 10 Fish have a two chambered heart – blood is passed over the gills where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Fish - 2 chamber heart 1 atrium – makes sure blood is always available for ventricle 1 ventricle – pumps blood to gills and then to the body 2 chamber heart Some problems: Slow delivery MUCH more energy required to move on land (or in air) = more O2 needed faster 13 Fish Reproduction Usually external fertilization Large numbers of eggs are fertilized during Spawning – when fish reproduce 14 Salmon Video at National Geographic 15 Barndoor skate (Dipturus laevis) Cartilage Fish Ectothermic Sharks, Skates and Rays fertilization is internal-most are born live Some sharks lay eggs Skate 16 Variety of Rays There are many different types of rays including stingrays, electric rays, butterfly rays, round rays, manta rays, guitarfish, and sawfish. 17 Early aquatic adaptations Teeth (everyone) – evolved from skin **shift from scavenging to predation (lampreys) Jaws (sharks and bony fish) **provide chewing / biting force 18 Later aquatic adaptations Bony fish evolve swim bladder --air bag that allows fish to move up and down in water-called buoyancy --sharks sink when not swimming Swim bladder adapted to be lungs on land Transitional fish / amphibian? Tiktaalik roseae 20 Amphibians Salamander Frog Toad 21 22 23 Amphibians on land Four legs to walk on land-These are adapted fish fins at right angles from body Ectotherms- Body temperature the same as the surrounding temperature. Hibernate or Estivate depending on climate 24 3 Chamber Heart O2 through lungs and moist skin called cutaneous respiration 2 atria – 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from lungs (oxygenated) 1 ventricle – pumps blood to lungs and body 25 3 chamber heart Problem solved: Blood getting to body cells faster (heart pumps directly to body) New problem: Deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood in atria 26 Amphibian limitations Must live in wet areas for 2 reasons 1) External fertilization - Reproduce in water (lay eggs there) egg tadpole young frog adult frog- called Metamorphosis 2) Go to water to keep skin moist Bullfrogs Eat Everything 28 Reptiles 29 Reptiles turtle crocodile snake Adaptation-Claws Strong, bony skeletons and toes with claws Claws-aid in climbing, digging and movement in various terrains 31 More Reptile Adaptations Adaptations evolved which allow reptiles to live totally on land. 1) Scales to prevent water loss 2) Laying eggs that can survive on land = amniotic egg Internal fertilization 32 Reptilian Scales 33 Eggs Amniotic egg – has all the water and nutrients inside for embryo to survive 34 Reptile limitations Must live in warm areas Limited by ectothermy 35 Regulating body temperature Ectotherm (“cold-blooded”) – animal does not maintain a constant body temperature Outside Temp = Body Temp 36 Ectothermy •Become sluggish in very cold temperature •Bask in the sun or seek shade 37 Ectothermy Pros No energy needed to keep warm inside Cons Restricted to warm climates only Active only during day 38 Heart 1. Heart of most Reptiles-3 chambers 2. Still incomplete separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood 3. Crocodiles and alligators have a ventricle that is totally separated into two pumping chambers-4 chambers 39 Circulation Double loop circulation 40 Transitional bird / reptile Archaeopteryx 41 Birds 42 Birds Adaptations: ******Flight****** Feathers, wings, hollow bones, no teeth Amniotic Egg like reptiles 43 Endothermy Endotherm (“warm-blooded”) keeping a constant body temperature Pros Can be active even in colder biomes Can be active at night (nocturnal predators) Cons Requires lots of energy (must find food often) 44 Hummingbirds 45 4 chamber heart 2 atria – 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from lungs (oxygenated) 2 ventricles – 1 pumps to lungs , 1 pumps to body 46 4 chamber heart Even more energy needed for cells Birds = energy for flight Mammals = energy for large brains NO mixture of blood in 4 chamber heart 47 Another comparison 3 chamber heart (mixing problem) 4 chamber heart (no mixing problem) 48 Digestive and Excretory system Food passes from the mouth cavity straight to the esophagus. The crop stores and moistens food. Then passes through the gizzard, a muscular organ that kneads and crushes the food Respiratory System Air enters nostrils at base of beakDown trachea past song boxenters two primary bronchiito lungs 75% bypasses the lungs and flows directly to posterior to sacssacs connect with air spaces in bones, filling the hollow bones with air. When bird exhales the carbon dioxide rich air from the lungs, oxygen rich air is forced out of the posterior air sacs into lungs. Transitional reptile / mammal Egg-laying Mammals Platypus Echidna 52 53 Evolution and Adaptations Mammals belong to the class Mammalia, which includes 4000 species Most dominant land animals on earth. 54 Circulatory System Mammalian heart has 4 chambers Mammals have a muscle , the diaphragm that aids in lung breathing 55 Two feature that distinguish Mammals from other vertebrates are that they all have hair and mammary glands that produce milk. 56 Mammal Orders There are 19 orders of mammals in the class Mammalia in which 17 nourish unborn young in the placenta, egg laying monotremes and marsupials 57 Marsupials Marsupials give birth to tiny immature young that crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately after they are born. 58 Characteristics of Placental Mammals Placental mammals carry unborn young in the uterus until young can survive in the wild. Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from mother’s blood to baby’s blood 59 Placental Characteristics The placenta is a membrane providing nutrients and waste & gas exchange between the mother and developing young Gestation period is the time which mammals develop in mother’s uterus 60 Mammals Hairy Saki-Monkey Also endothermic Hair helps to insulate, maintain internal body temperature Hairy Armadillo Paraguaian Hairy 61 Dwarf Porcupine Mammals Large brain size (learning / communicating) Challenge: time needed for brain development Solution: longer gestation period in mom and intensive parental care early on (including milk from mammary glands) 62 The End 63