Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Comparative Anatomy
Document related concepts
Transcript
Comparative Anatomy Avian-Integument Keratin-needed to produce scales, feathers and beaks and claws. – Dermis very thin-slow to heal. – Best sites of subQ-wing folds and dorsal trunk and neck “fluffed birds”-erector muscle of the dermis raise feathers to trap body heat – Fluffed and at the bottom of the cage-Not GOOD!! Glands-no sweat glands – Uropygial or preen gland Dorsal aspect of tail Helps clean and waterproof feathers Avian-Integument Beak/Bill-upper and lower mandible; equivalent of mammalian lips – Tearing food – Capture food – Preening – Picking up material-nesting Claws-specialized scales – Beaks and Claws grow continually Avian Integument Combs, Wattles and Snood – Specialized adaptation – Can be trimmed off to prevent damage in commercial operations – Chickens below showing signs of Avian Influenza Snood Normal Comb-right Swollen Wattles Avian Integument Cere=fleshy membrane at the base of the beak, location of nares – Budgerigars-helps sex mature budgies?? Blue-male Brown-female – White ring around nares-female?? DNA testing?? Male or Female?? Avian-Integument Feathers – Functions: flight, protection, thermoregulation, camouflage, behaviors (courtship, defense, recognition) Avian- Integument Feather Anatomy – Inferior Umbilicus-vessels – Superior Umbilicus- small hole-start of the webbed portion – Calamus-quill; between IU and SU – Rachis-main feather shaft – Vane-weblike, flattened part of feather Avian Integument Vane is made up of barbs, barbules and hooklets (interlock) Looser feather weave – Feels softer – Allows air to pass through-creating silent flight Avian Integument Types of Feathers – Contour-main feather that covers the birds body; flight feathers, tail feathers Avian Integument Types of Feathers – Semiplume- located under contour feathers, on sides of the abdomen, along neck and back Lack barbules and hooklets Insulation and Buoyancy – Down-lack a true shaft, barbules and hooklets Insulation Semiplume Avian Integument Types of feathers – Filoplume- bare shaft with no barbs except at the tip Dorsal back/neck Sensory role –pressure and vibration sense – Bristle Sense of touch Around eyes, nostrils, mouth, and toes Avian Integument Feather types – Powder Down Feather Continually growing Produce a waxy powder for cleaning and waterproofing feathers. Birds without preen gland - Herons Avian Integument Feather Damage – Chewing, mites – Stress bars-stress during growth phase of feather; weakened vane and barbs lack barbules—Nutritional stress Avian Integument Molting=the replacement process of feather – Species variation – Influenced by season, temperature, nutrition, egg laying, species and sex – Generally symmetrical and gradual replacement of flight feathers – Waterfowl-molt all their flight feathers at once right after breeding seasonPostnuptial Avian Integument Molting – Requires good quality nutrition – 4-12% body weight is feathers! – Germinal cells in dermal papilla activated by: Increasing day length – Stimulates pituitary and thyroid gland to produce hormone – Sex hormones also play a role – Blood feather=growing feather Feather Development Avian-wing trim Blood feathers? “They still fly” – We aren’t preventing flight, but preventing them from reaching great heights! – Glide quite well!! Avian Musculoskeletal System Birds-175-200 Skeletal paired muscles muscle-White or Red muscle – White fibers-low blood flow, little myoglobin Uses stored glycogen for contraction Flight muscles of short distance fliers – Red fibers-thinner, rich blood supply, fat, myoglobin and mitochondria Flight muscle of long distance fliers Avian Musculoskeletal System Major flight muscles – Pectoral mm-Adducts and depresses wing – Suprocoracoideus mm-Abducts and elevates the wing Avian M/S system Skeleton-adaptation to allow flight – Reduce number of bones – Fuse bones to form plates to provide strength – Reduce density of bones – Lose internal bone matrix-filled with air spaces – Air sacs extend into bones proximal extremities i.e. fractions/infections Avian Skeleton Avian - Vision Vision and Hearing-control centers in the brain much larger than taste, touch, and smell Proportionally larger eyes Binocular vision-species variation Excellent accommodation Two fovea-central and lateral Pectin-supplies nutrients and oxygen to vitreous cavity Comparative Retina Color Vision Wide spectrum of light wave lengths Diurnal birds (hawks, parrots, hummingbirds, etc.)- can also see UV light – American Kestrels can locate mice by the UV reflection off the urine of the mouse!! – Distinguish ripe vs. unripe fruit – Male vs. Female when plumage is similar! Avian Digestive System Beak-based on what they eat Avian Digestive System Esophagus-right side of the neck – Mucous glands-lubricates Crop-expansion of esophagus-storage – Larger crop-need less meals per day – Mucosal liningcrop milk (pigeons, doves) – Protection for insectivores Avian Digestive System Stomach – Glandular Stomach =Proventriculus Chemical digestion – Muscular Stomach =Gizzard Striated muscles to grind food (bone, scales, nuts) Produces pellets to be regurgitated (owls, hawks, herons, etc) Avian Digestive System Cloaca-termination of tracts – Coprodeum-from intestines – Urodeum-from kidneys and genitals – Proctodeum-site of sperm storage prior to “cloacal kiss”, stores other excrement. – Mute= waste product Dark fecal center with ring of urates Avian Circulatory System Heart-similar to mammalian Vessel differences: – Pectoral and brachial arteries-larger – Renal Portal System-veins from extremities travel through kidneys to remove metabolic waste – Countercurrent system of heat exchange – Resting HR estimate (beats/sec) =12 X (4X weight in gm) Renal Portal System Avian Circulatory System Blood – RBC-oval, nucleated and larger than mammals – WBC Young-produced by spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas and bursa of Fabricius (dorsal wall of proctodeum) Adult-produced by spleen Heterophils=mammalian neutrophils – Thrombocytes=platelets Avian Blood Avian Respiratory System Due to extremely high metabolic rate, respiratory tract must be highly specialized to quickly and efficiently deliver Oxygen and remove CO2 Avian Respiratory System Choanae-internal nares that opens from the nasal cavity onto the roof of the mouth Larynx structures surrounding the glottis (opening into the trachea) – No vocal folds!! Avian Respiratory System Syrinx-Enlargement above the sternum of the trachea – Voice box of the bird – Number of muscle>>complex vocalization Songbirds-7 pair Parrots-3 pair Ostrich, strokes, vultures-no pairs of muscles Avian Respiratory System Trachea branches into bronchi Bronchi enter the lungs, lose cartilaginous protection>>Mesobronchi Mesobronchi branch into 4-6 ventrobronchi>>parabronchi Parabronchi connect to air capillaries for gas exchange Avian Respiratory System Avian Respiratory System Air Sacs – Paired air sacs Cranial Thoracic Caudal Thoracic Cervical Abdominal – Unpaired air sac Interclavicular air sac Avian Respiratory System Air Sac function – Reservoir for air – Warmth and moisture to improve diffusion of air through lung capillaries – Thermoregulation-internal evaporation of water>> cools – Buoyancy Avian Respiratory System Lungs – Very small – Attached to thoracic vertebrae and ribs – Highly vascular – Inelastic – House air and blood capillaries for gas exchange Avian Respiratory System First inhalation-expand thoracoabdominal space-creating a pressure gradient – Air moves into posterior air sacs to warm and humidify First Expiration-air is pushed into the lungs for gas exchange Avian Respiratory System Second Inspiration- – Air moves out of lungs into the anterior parts of the air sacs Second Expiration- – Air leaves the body via trachea No mixing of inspired and expired air!! – 21% oxygen Demo Avian Breathing Avian Urogenital System Kidneys – 3 divisions-each containing cortex and medulla – Lack a renal pelvis – Each nephron: Glomerulus Renal tubules surround a Central vein Avian Urogenital System Urine Composition – 75% Uric acid (nitrogenous waste) – 10-15% ammonia – 2-10% urea *Uric acid is more efficient removal of nitrogenous waste (2 Nitrogen) *Uses less water to eliminate Becomes important in the egg-waste is stored in the egg throughout development Avian Reproductive System Gonads grow in size during breeding season-special adaptation L. gonad larger than the right (male and female)-sexing – Sex reversal?? (rt. Ovitestes) Avian Reproductive System Male Reproductive System – Spermatozoa produced in similar manner – No accessory glands-seminal fluid produced by tubules within the testes – Epididymus-no divisions – Vas deferens connects with a storage pouch for spermatozoa-Seminal Vesicle Cooler temp than core Seasonal Testes Size Avian Reproductive System Copulation – Ducks, geese, storks, flamingos-erectile penis stored in the cloaca – Most other species of birds-sperm transfer by bringing male and female cloaca in close proximity “Cloacal Kiss” Avian Reproductive System Female Reproductive System – Ova forms from follicles in the ovary – Ovulation>>ova to the oviduct – Oviduct: Infundibulum-+/- fertilization Magnum-secretes layers of albumin (egg whites) Isthmus-Deposits keratin shell membrane Uterus-shell gland-watery albumin shell/pigmentation (calcium carbonate) Vagina-secretes mucus to assist in laying the egg. Can store sperm for hours to days! Avian Female Reproductive Tract Avian Reproductive System Clutch=Number of eggs that a female lays and incubates – Determinate layers-specific number of follicles develop. Once eggs are laid, clutch is complete. – Indeterminate layers-produce more eggs than their clutch; will continue to produce eggs if they disappear Endangered species Avian Reproductive System Incubation-keeping the eggs warm and humidified Prolactin levels are high, suppress LH and FSH Brood patch-area of skin on lower abdomen-where heat is transferred – Hen plucks feathers in this region Avian Reproductive System Hatching- – Egg tooth-specialized tooth inside the chick’s bill. Disappears after birth – Sex Determination Z=female, dominant W=male, recessive Females can lay ZW, or ZZ Things to Remember When Working with Birds Heart rates vary with the size of the bird. – 25 grams 275 BPM (resting) – 400-600 BPM (restrained) – 1000 grams 130 BPM (resting) – 150-350 BPM (restrained) When working with eagles and waterfowl, always test blood lead levels! Jugular - The right jugular vein is used because it is fairly prominent (many bird species lack a left jugular vein). Venipuncture Alar vein - located running across the ventral surface of the humeralradial-ulnar joint (elbow) directly beneath the skin. Medial Metatarsal Vein – located on the medial side of the lower leg. When available, this vein is typically the site of choice for blood sampling in birds. This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the Workforce Innovation in Regional Development (WIRED) as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration working in partnership with the Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, the Metro Denver Economic Development Corporation, and the City and County of Denver's Office of Economic Development. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.
