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In chordates, the long supporting rod that
runs through the body is called the
notochord.
A vertebrate is any chordate that has a
backbone.
The vertebrate’s skeleton is an
endoskeleton that supports and protects
the body and grows as the animal
grows.
One difference between lancelets and
tunicates is that adult lancelets have a
head region.
The larval tunicate and the adult tunicate
are similar in their method of feeding.
Many fishes are characterized by a bony
skeleton, scales, paired fins, and gills.
Vertebrate X has gills. To determine
whether vertebrate X is a fish, it would
be useful to know if it also has paired
fins.
The first vertebrates to evolve were the
fishes.
Fishes that lived during the late Cambrian
Period lacked paired fins.
Fishes, lancelets, and tunicates probably
evolved from common invertebrate
ancestors.
In fishes with gills, oxygen-rich water
enters through the mouth and leaves
through the openings in the pharynx.
Blood flows through the body of a fish in a
single-loop closed circulatory system.
After passing through the gills of a fish,
blood circulates through the rest of the
body and then collects in the sinus
venosus.
Most fishes get rid of nitrogenous wastes
by eliminating ammonia from the gills
and from the kidneys.
If a fish’s olfactory bulbs were damaged,
the fish probably would be unable to
recognize substances by their smell.
The organ that adjusts the buoyancy of
many bony fishes is the swim bladder.
Suppose a fish is swimming up stream in
total darkness. Which of the following
would be most likely to help the fish
sense aquatic predators that approach it
from behind? Its lateral line system.
If a species of fish reproduces through
external fertilization, that species must
be oviparous.
All fishes in the class Chondrichthyes are
alike in the composition of their
skeletons. (Sharks, Skates, and
Rays)(Cartilaginous Fish)
The harder a body part is, the greater the
chance that it will be well preserved as
a fossil. The bony fishes win this prize.
Amphibians live on land as adults, they
breathe with lungs as adults, and have
moist skin that contains mucous glands.
Scales distinguish most fishes from most
amphibians.
Most amphibians exist as aquatic larvae
that breathe with gills and as terrestrial
adults that breathe using lungs and
skin.
The first amphibians probably resembled
lobe-finned fishes, like the coelacanth.
At the end of the Permian Period, most
amphibian species became extinct.
Some species of amphibians have skin
color and markings that enable them to
blend in with their surroundings. This
would be most effective against
predators that hunt by sensing the color
of their prey.
In a frog, the cavity through which
digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or
sperm leave the body is the cloaca.
Some salamanders that live on land have
lost their lungs.
The left atrium of the amphibian heart
contains blood with the highest oxygen
concentration.
The eggs of amphibians can dry out
easily because they do not have shells.
A frog’s tympanic membranes would be
most useful for listening to the mating
calls of other frogs.
Similarities between most amphibian
larvae and fishes include their method
of gas exchange, their method of
propelling themselves through the
water, and the basic structure of their
brains.
Salamanders are carnivores as larvae
and as adult.
Caecilians are amphibians that lack either
a pelvic or pectoral girdle.
Caecilian