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Human Body Systems
Integumenary system
• Function: the function of the
integumentary system is to cover and
protect the insides of the body from
diseases, temperature changes, and the
environment
• Location: the outer surface of the body
• Major parts
– Skin: covers the body
• Contains nerves, glands, hairs and blood vessels
• Layers- epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
– Hair: conserves body heat
– Nails: protect the tips of fingers and toes
– Melanin: pigment to protect against UV rays
• Found in the epidermis
– Sweat glands: helps cool you down
– Oil glands: Keeps skin from cracking
Skin damage can cause
severe infections to
uncovered tissues!!
Integumentary system
Give and take
• Skin gives …
– CO2 into blood
– Waste products into
blood
– Signals from the
environment to the
nervous system
• Skin takes…
– O2 out of blood
– Proteins and sugars
out of blood
Skeletal system
• Function: provides shape and form for our
bodies, protects internal organs, produces
blood, stores minerals
• Location: Limbs, head, trunk
• Major parts:
– Bones
– Tendons
– Marrow
-Ligaments
-Joints
Skeletal system
Ball and Socket
Gliding
Joints
Pivot
Hinge
Give and take
• Bones give…
– New blood cells to the
blood
– Support to muscles
• Bones take…
– O2, sugar, proteins
and other nutrients out
of the blood (use them
to make more cells)
Human bone strength
video
Muscular system
• Function:
– Movement of bones
– Movement of blood
– Movement of food
• Locations: surrounding bones, the heart,
the digestive tract
• Major parts:
– Smooth muscle: around the digestive organs
– Cardiac muscle: the heart
– Skeletal muscle: attached to bones; move the
body
Muscular system
Give and take
• Muscles give…
– CO2 back to blood
• Muscles take…
– O2 out of blood
– Sugar and protein out
of blood
Muscles video
Digestive/excretory system
• Function: break
down food into
small parts so
the body can
absorb nutrients
and sugar to
create and
nourish cells
• Major parts: (from top to “bottom”!)
– Mouth: starts to break down food (chewing
and saliva)
– Esophagus: tube from mouth to stomach
– Stomach: more breakdown with enzymes
– Small intestines: more breakdown of the food
and where most of the food is absorbed
– Large intestines: where solid waste products
are formed. Also, water is absorbed back into
the body here.
– Anus: the exit
– Accessory Glands: parts that don’t directly
touch food but help with digestion
• Liver: makes bile (a chemical mixture that breaks
down fats)
• Pancreas: secretes enzymes into the small
intestines
• Gal bladder: stores bile
• Salivary glands: make and secrete saliva
Digestive/
excretory
system
Digestion video 1
Digestion video 2
Endocrine system
• Function: secrete (produce) hormones that
control and coordinate activities in the
body
• Location: glands are in head, neck,
gonads, pancreas. Hormones travel
through the blood
Endocrine
system
Endocrine system video
ABC news video
• Major parts:
– Hormones: chemical signals that tell different
parts of your body what to do
– Gland: an organ that makes hormones
• Pituitary
• Hypothalamus
• Thyroid gland: controls metabolism, growth and
develpoment
• Ovaries/testes
– Secretion: the process of sending the
hormone from the gland into the blood stream
– Target Tissue: the cells of the body that will
change what they are doing in response to
the hormone.
Nervous system
• Function: receive signals from the
environment, interpret signals, and send
response instructions to glands or muscles
• Location: throughout body, especially the
head and spine
• Major parts:
– CNS (central nervous system): the processing
center
• Brain
• Spinal cord
– PNS (peripheral nervous system): nerves
connected to organs, glands, and muscles
that send and receive signals
• 5 senses: (taste, touch, smell, hearing, sight)
– Receive signals from the environment
– Nerve/Neuron: a cell that sends and receives
electrical signals
• Impulse- a signal sent by a nerve
• Sensory nerves receive signals from the
environment
• Motor nerves send signals to muscles and glands
– Reflex arc: the path that an impulse travels
• Usually from a sensory signal to the CNS and then
to a motor neuron
– Stimulus/response: the environment and the
body interactions
Nervous system
Nervous system video
Schoolhouse rock video
Neuron
Respiratory system
• Function: supply oxygen to the body and
to remove carbon dioxide from the body
– oxygen is used in cellular respiration when it
is combined with sugar to make energy for
cells
• Major parts:
– Nasal cavity: air goes in
– Trachea (“wind pipe”): tube from nose/mouth
to lungs
– Bronchus: branches off the trachea to each
lung
– Bronchiole: smaller branches off each
brochus
– Lungs: where gas exchange occurs with
blood vessels
– Alveoli: tiny air sacs that are covered in tiny
blood vessels
• Simple diffusion moves oxygen from the alveoli to
the capillaries and carbon dioxide from the
capillaries to the alveoli
– Diaphragm: the muscle that pulls air into the
lungs and pushes air out
• The diaphragm flattens and goes lower when you
inhale
• The diaphragm expands and goes higher when
you exhale
Respiratory
system
Respiratory video
Smoking video clip
The Doctors clip
Circulatory system
• Function: transports
materials including
oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients,
nitrogen-based wastes,
and hormones
• Major parts:
– Heart: the muscle that pumps blood to the
lungs or to the rest of the body
• The right side pumps blood to the lungs to get
oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• The blood then returns to the heart where the left
side pumps it to the rest of the body
– Blood (RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets, Plasma)
• Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and
wastes to various parts of the body
• Blood video
– Arteries: blood vessels that move blood away
from the heart
• Most contain large amounts of oxygen
– Veins: blood vessels that move blood towards
the heart
• Most contain large amounts of carbon dioxide
– Capillaries: the tiny blood vessels between
arteries and veins where gas exchange
occurs
• video
Circulatory system
Urinary system
• Function: removes wastes from blood
• Major parts:
– Kidneys: filter nitrogen-based wastes out of
the blood
– Ureters: send liquid wastes from the kidneys
to the bladder
– Urinary bladder: the holding tank for urine
– Urethra: the tube that sends urine from the
bladder to the outside of the body
Urinary
system
Kidney
stones
Reproductive system
• Function: reproduction (duh)
• Major parts:
– Male
•
•
•
•
Testes
Penis
Vas deferens
Sperm
-- Female
• Ovaries
• Vagina
• Uterus
• Eggs
Reproductive system- male
Reproductive system- female
Immune/Lymphatic
• Functions: to
protect body
from infections
and illnesses.
(multiple
systems working
together)
Immunity
• Skin – barrier against foreign diseases
• Secretions – (mucus, oil, sweat, tears,
saliva) – mucus traps bacteria, all others
contain enzymes to break down bacteria
• Inflammation – when blood vessels to
dilate and extra fluids help destroy
bacteria or viruses
• White blood cells – destroy bacteria by
eating them
Acquired immunity
• Definition- defending against specific
pathogens by gradually building up a
resistance to them
• Lymphatic system –
– Lymph- tissue fluid that bathes body cells
– Lymph nodes- clumps of tissue that filter
pathogens out of the lymph
– Important organs – tonsils, spleen, thymus
gland
Antibody immunity
• Antigens – foreign substances that
stimulate an immune response
• Antibodies – proteins in the blood plasma
produced in response to antigens that will
react with and disable the foreign
organisms
• T cells and B cells – white blood cells that
produce antibodies
Passive and active immunity
• Two ways of acquiring immunity
• Passive immunity – antibodies are
transferred from mother to child through
placenta and milk
• Active immunity – when a person gets an
infection and recovers, the person will
usually be immune if exposed again
– Vaccines artificially induce an infection