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Circulatory System
•Replenishes nutrients to interstitial
•Removes waste from the interstitial
•Transports hormones
Blood Pressure Makes Exchange Possible
In Large Arteries
Systolic
120
Diastolic
80
Spleen?
The Heart Creates The Force That Moves The Blood
Four Chambers = 2 pathways
Systemic Pathway:
•Aorta to body = High O2 & low CO2
•Vena cavas Back From Body = Low O2
& High CO2
Pulmonary Pathway:
•Pulmonary Artery to lungs = Low O2 &
High CO2
•Pulmonary Vein back from lungs=
High O2 & low CO2
Atria receive blood & fill ventricles to capacity
Ventricles pump blood to body tissues
Valves insure one way flow
Separation of pathways insures no
mixing of CO2 blood with O2 blood
and maximizes the O2 brought to the
tissues = warm bloodedness (birds
and mammals only)
Blood Vessels
Resistance of blood flow = pressure
Arteries:
•Carries blood to body tissues
•Elastic tissue absorbs heart
pumping pressure and maintains
continuous flow
•Smooth Muscle varies amount
of blood flow & blood pressure
Capillaries:
•Walls are one cell thick and allows
easy movement of nutrients out &
wastes in - very extensive
Veins:
•Carries blood back to heart
•Valves insure one way movement
•BP is very low in these vessels - muscles
help milk blood back to heart
Excessive consumption
of cholesterol or the
inability to process it,
can lead to plaque build
up inside blood vessels
Raising BP & adding
strain on the Heart
HYPERTENSION
Blood
Cellular Component - made in marrow
•Red Blood Cells - transport O2 (hemoglobin)
•White Blood Cells - destroy foreign material
•Platelets - initiate clotting
Non Cellular Component - Plasma
•Organic Molecules - (amino acids,sugar,nucleotides,lipids)
•Proteins - (clotting factors, antibodies)
•Electrolytes - (Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl-)
•Cellular Waste - (urea, CO2)
•Hormones - (insulin, thyroxin, GH, Adrenalin, Cortisol….)
•Water
White Blood Cells
Macrophage - (Eat foreign invaders and clean up debris)
Neutrophil - (Release enzymes that kill microbe invaders)
Eosinophil - (Release chemicals that attack parasites - worms)
Basophil - (release histamines & protaglandins which attract other WBCs)
inflamation
Lymphocytes - (initiate immune response - antibody production)
•T-Cells - (Activate B cells to begin producing antibodies)
•B-Cells - (produce antibodies and form ”Memory Cells”)
Immune Response
Vaccination?
Lymphatic System
Series of vessels that collect fluid that has
escaped the circulatory system (lymph) - 3
primary functions
•removal of excess fluids from body
tissues - returning it to circulation by
dumping fluid into subclavian veins
•absorption of fatty acids and transport of
fat
•production of immune cells such as
lymphocytes
Fluid is under low pressure
and requires the contraction
of skeletal muscles to
support movement - valves
insure movement back
toward chest
Swollen Glands - Indication of
Infection
Elephantiasis - parasitic
worms lodged in lymph
vessels block return flow of
lymph leading to swelling
Mumps - viral
First Line Of Defense - structures that
Help prevent access to pathogens
Skin
•Dead layer of
impermeable cells
•Oil glands
•Sweat glands
Mucus Membranes
Mucus membranes capture
bacteria before they get into
vulnerable tissues - numerous
macrophages can be found here
Tears
Hair
Trap and deflect
Substances
before they get
into sensitive
areas
Tears contain an
enzyme (lysozyme) that
breaks down the cell
walls of bacterai