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Describe the principal
functions of the
respiratory system
.
1) Move air into and out of
lungs (ventilation)
2) Allow diffusion of
"respiratory gases"
between air and blood
(respiration)
Explain the ultimate
physiologic purpose for
obtaining oxygen from
the air
production of ATP by the
process of aerobic
cellular respiration
Identify the other organ
system with which the
respiratory system works
cooperatively in the
exchange of respiratory
gases (O2 and CO2)
between the air and the
body's tissues
Cardiovascular system
Define the three
meanings of the term:
respiration
1) External respiration - the
exchange O2 and CO2 between
the air and the blood in lungs
2) Internal respiration - the exchange
of O2 and CO2 between the
blood and the tissues (w/in
systemic tissue)
3) Cellular respiration - the utilization
of O2 and production of CO2 that
occurs in the process of cellular
metabolism
List other functions of the
respiratory system
1) major component in the
regulation of pH of blood and
bodily fluids
2) contributes to the regulation of
body temperature and fluid
balance
3) production of speech sounds
(phonation) for communication
(speech, singing, laughter, etc.)
4) special sense of olfaction (CN I)
Identify the organs and
structures that comprise the
conducting portion of the
respiratory system and those
that comprise the
respiratory portion of the
respiratory system.
Conducting Portion - devoted to mvmt of air
into and out of lungs
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion - site of
gas exchange
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveoli
Identify the organs and
structures that comprise
the upper respiratory
tract and those that
comprise the lower
respiratory tract.
Upper respiratory tract
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
Lower Respiratory tract
-Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Describe the five functions
of the nose.
- Warm, filter and humidify air before
it reaches lungs (main function)
- Detect odors
-Provide resonance for
amplification and shaping of vocal
sounds in speech and singing
- Serves as first line of defense
against entry of airborne
pathogens and allergens
Describe the structure of the
nasal conchae (turbinates)
and explain how this
structure accounts for the
function of these structures
of the internal nose
Structure
- scroll-shaped bones that are lined with
mucous membrane
Function - Curvature of bones creates:
- larger surface area for mucosa to
remove dust and airborne pathogens
- creates turbulence to slow down
inflowing air so it increases contact w/
mucous membrane, removing debris
from air
Identify the mechanisms by
which the nose attempts to
prevent airborne debris and
pathogens from entering the
airways and lungs
- vibrissae (course hairs) guard entrance
to nose and filter our large particles
- mucus secreted by goblet cells of
mucous membrane lining nasal
conchae trap smaller particles
- mucus also contains lysozymes
(bactericidal enzyme) that destroys
bacteria
- Cilia push small particles towards the
pharynx
Describe the function of
each of the three regions
of the pharynx
Nasopharynx - passageway for air
Oropharynx - passage for food and
drink into the digestive tract
Laryngopharynx - entry into
digestive tract creating passage
for food and drink into the
digestive tract
Identify the other organ
system to which the
oropharynx belongs.
Digestive System
Identify the lymphoid
structures that guard the
entrance of the
nasopharynx and
oropharynx to prevent
the entry of airborne or
food borne pathogens
from entering the body
pharyngeal (adenoid),
palatine and lingual
tonsils
Describe the function of
the epiglottis
- closes airway when
swallowing food or
liquid- open airway when air
is passing through
Describe the two principal
functions of the larynx
.
1) keep food and liquid from
entering the airway
2) produce sound for speech
Describe the function(s)
of the glottis
space between vocal
cords provide a
passageway for airflow
between the pharynx
and the trachea
Identify and describe the
function(s) of the
epiglottis
- closes airway when
swallowing food or liquid
- open airway to allow air to
pass through
- prevent aspiration (entry of
food and drink (or other
foreign object) into the
trachea
Identify and describe the
function(s) of the thyroid
cartilage
forms walls of larynx
Identify and describe the
function(s) of the cricoid
cartilage
- round cartilage connects the
larynx to the trachea;
- pressing it down compresses
esophagus making it easier to
bring tube into airway
- Can also be used as location
of emergency airway
Explain how sound is produced by
the larynx and what determines
the pitch and loudness of vocal
(laryngeal) sounds and how these
sounds are transformed into
identifiable speech sounds.
-airflow passes through the
adducted cords causes them
to vibrate and produce a
sound
- Pitch - controlling the amount
of tension on the cords
- Volume - altering the force of
air flowing past the cords
Describe the function of the
trachea
- continues passageway for
air flow from the larynx
- Another line of defense
against the potential
invasion of airborne
pathogens and debris
Explain how the amount of
airflow through the trachea
can be adjusted to meet the
body's demand
- trachealis muscles contract or
relax to alter the diameter of
the trachea and vary the flow
of air
Describe the mechanisms by which
the trachea attempts to prevent
airborne debris and pathogens
from entering the lower airways
and lungs
- Mucociliary elevator - tracheal
walls are lined with cilia that beat
upward to move mucus and
trapped debris upward toward
pharynx to be expectorated or
swallowed
- helps prevent these particles from
reaching the lower respiratory
tract and alveoli